Contributory Negligence Historical and Comparative †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Contributory Negligence Historical and Comparative. Answer: Presentation: The given contextual investigation which rotates around Sebastian Surtees Pty Ltd and Clay Hawthorne identifies with the tort of carelessness. Specifically, it identifies with the break of obligation of care and the resulting harms. A tort is considered as a common wrong done, whereby the activities of one individual, hurt the other. There are various torts in Australia, and a main one among these is the tort of carelessness (Statsky 2011). Carelessness can be characterized as a penetrate of obligation of care, which an individual P owes to individual R, because of the activities which were attempted by individual P which had the capability of harming or hurting the individual R. In this way, when P imprudent attempts a movement which requires care towards R because of the chance of Ps activities hurting or harming R, it would bring about carelessness. What's more, when an instance of carelessness is available, the oppressed party can guarantee harms for the mischief or misfortune which they needed to cause because of the attempted activities of the tortfeasor (Trindade, Cane and Lunney 2007). It is the obligation of the offended party to appear under the steady gaze of the courtroom that they have been harmed or hurt because of the activities of the litigant, so as to guarantee the harms under a common activity brought under the watchful eye of the official courtroom. So as to set up an instance of carelessness, the abused party needs to build up the nearness of certain key components, remembered for which is the obligation of care (Kolah 2013). This is trailed by demonstrating that this obligation of care hosted been negated by gathering P. What's more, ultimately, there is a need to build up that the individual R was really hurt or harmed because of this disappointment of P in practicing his obligation of care. When these components can be appeared in a solitary case, the distressed party is granted harms by the official courtroom, in light of the size of harm cause to such individual R (Kennedy 2009). The above all else step, with regards to putting forth a defense of carelessness, is to show that an obligation of care was available and that the equivalent was owed by individual P to individual R (Lunney and Oliphant 2013). With respect to setting up that an obligation of care was available, the main English instance of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 ends up being of help. For this situation, Donoghue devoured a ginger lager, from a jug which contained a dead snail. Because of this utilization, she became ill and started lawful activity against Stevenson, who was the lager producer. Her cases were at first disposed of by the court as this beverage had been bought by Donoghues companion and not Donoghue herself. Notwithstanding, on further intrigue it was held that the activities of Stevenson were to such an extent that they had the capacity of influencing Donoghue, because of the client producer relationship. The appointed authorities held that there was sensible predictabilit y in a sullied drinks prompting the affliction of a shopper and that there was closeness between the gatherings, which had the limit of affecting the other. Thus, the court held that the maker was for sure subject and owed an obligation of care towards Stevenson. Also, because of the penetrate of this obligation of care, trailed by injury of Donoghue, Stevenson was approached to remunerate her for her misfortunes. Another supportive case which helps in setting up the nearness of obligation of care is that of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605. For this situation, the court introduced a triple test, whereby so as to show the nearness of obligation of care, it must be appeared under the watchful eye of the court that the injury was sensibly predictable, that there was vicinity between the gatherings in such a way, that the activities of one, influenced the other, and in conclusion, that if punishments are forced, it would be simply and sensible (Latimer 2012). Break of Duty of Care Upon effectively indicating that an obligation of care had without a doubt been owed, the abused party than needs to show that the equivalent had been contradicted, as in the respondent had bombed in satisfying his commitments (Martin and Lancer 2013). Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467 was a case in which the pile of the respondent burst into flames because of the poor ventilation. On various events, the litigant had been cautioned that in the event that he kept on leaving his sheaf, this will undoubtedly occur. What's more, on this, the litigant contended that utilizing his best judgment, a danger of fire was not sensibly predictable. In any case, the court held that the judgment of the respondent was insufficient and there was a need to apply gauges according to a sensible individual. Consequently, it must be indicated that a sensible individual would have embraced the safeguards inferable from the sensible predictability of such danger of mischief. The following stage is to think about the outcomes of the embraced activities, or the absence of it besides (Turner 2013). On account of Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367, Paris was at that point daze in one eye. What's more, he was utilized by the Council for undertaking certain work. The Council knew about the state of Paris but then they didn't give him the security gear, especially defensive goggles. While taking a shot at a corroded jolt, a chip flew into the great eye of Paris, bringing about his total visual impairment. The disappointment of the Council in giving the imperative wellbeing gear was regarded as a penetrate of obligation of care by the official courtroom which prompted Paris being granted harms for his visual impairment. There is additionally a need to show that a sensible individual would have considered the level of hazard which was related with the activities embraced by an individual (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 is a case wherein Stone was hit with a cricket ball, while she was remaining outside her home, because of the ball taking off from the arena, which was around hundred yards from Boltons home. According to the realities of the most recent thirty years, it was delineated that the ball could just take off outside the arena multiple times as it were. In this way, as a sensible individual there was just a need to construct the fence, this had been finished. Thus, a penetrate of obligation of care was not maintained for this situation. With regards to the experts, they are required to show a standard in their training (Greene 2013). Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479 was one of such cases in which the reacted was not made mindful of the results of the medical procedure which was being attempted. This implied she was unable to take the best possible and educated choice when it went to the activity. As a talented individual, the specialist was under a commitment to send more consideration than a standard individual. What's more, because of these reasons, the specialist was held obligated for carelessness. With respect to the designers, they are required to show a standard of skilled practice. In Consultants Group International v John Worman Ltd (1987) 9 Con LR 46, Worman had consented to choke the abattoir, for the reasons of being a temporary worker, on severe conditions with respect to the structures which had been expressed by the planners, i.e., by CGI. An expert was employed by Worman for completing the work a nd this recruited constructor, negated the structure conditions. It was held by the court that the obligation of care of Worman towards CGI was equivalent to the obligation of care of specialist towards Worman. Also, thus, the expert was held obligated for making up for the monetary misfortunes. Upon the effective consummation of the over two perspectives, the last necessity is to show that the offended party had been really hurt/harmed or needed to tolerate a misfortune, all together for the solutions for be granted under carelessness. So as to demonstrate that harms should be granted to the oppressed party, there is a need to show that there was an immediate causation between the injury of offended party and the break of obligation of care of the respondent; and that the harms were predictable in a sensible way, which was generous in nature and not remote (Emanuel and Emanuel 2008). The harms are possibly to be granted when they were sensible predictable by a method of reasoning individual and when the equivalent were not very remote. On account of Wagon Mound (No.1) [1961] AC 388, the offended party couldn't prevail in his cases of carelessness because of the disappointment of the offended party in indicating that a sensible individual would have anticipated the sort of fire harm which really occurred. Thus, no harms were granted to the offended party. However, in Wagon Mound (No.2) [1967] AC 61, the court held that the harm of oil slick in a subsequent case, was not the same as the past episode and this predictability prompted the harms being granted to the offended party. There is a need to show direct causation between the injury and the harms, as far as circumstances and logical results dependent on the presence of mind and based on the realities of the specific case (Martin and Lancer, 2013). On account of Yates v Jones (1990) ATR 81, because of the litigant, the offended party got in a mishap. Later on, she was offered champion for managing her torment by a companion. At the point when she sued Jones, she asserted the expenses of her expansion to champion from Jones. Notwithstanding, the court held that there was a need direct causation between the breaks of obligation of care of Jones and between her addictions to champion. Along these lines, the harms were not granted to her. The measure of harms which are granted to the bothered party, i.e., the offended party, can on occasion be decreased or totally diminished. This is in the instances of contributory carelessness. This is a well known resistance under the carelessness according to which the offended party is considered to have contributed towards the harm caused to them. What's more, when such occurs, the court esteems it important to diminish the measure of cures which were granted to the offended party (Dongen, 2014). Froom v Butcher [1976] 1 QB 286 was a case in which the offended party was harmed because of the mishap which was caused because of the slip-up of the litigant. The respondent had been flushed, which prompted the mishap. Be that as it may, the offended party was not wearing the safety belt at t

Unaids Report On Hiv / Aids Essay -- AIDS, HIV, Human sexual behavior

NURS 420-Policy Brief HIV/AIDS in Zambia In 2014, UNAIDS evaluated that around 1,200,000 individuals are living with HIV/AIDS in Zambia. As indicated by the UNAIDS report, the pervasiveness rate for grown-ups matured 15 to 49 is 12.4%. Around 1 million ladies matured 15 and up are living with AIDS and about 100,000 youngsters matured 0 to 14 are living with HIV. (UNAIDS) The most influenced populaces are men who have intercourse with men (MSM), vagrants, sex laborers, ladies, youngsters and vagrants. A portion of the hazard factors are having numerous and simultaneous sexual organizations, mother to kid transmission, and low condom use. HIV/AIDS is affecting the economy by decreasing work flexibly and expanding costs. It is socially affecting the network by debilitating the workforce, and expanding social issues. Giving instruction of explicitly transmitted contaminations, the act of safe sex and of data in regards to mother to kid transmission is an ease successful methodology in handling the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The quantity of individuals living with HIV in Zambia, a generally little nation in southern Africa, is consistently rising. UNICEF gauges that 226 new grown-up contaminations and 25 new kid diseases happen every day. As indicated by AVERT, a global AIDS and HIV good cause, 27,000 individuals were represented AIDS related demise in 2013. Future is 58.1 years, which is an expansion from the year 2012 where the future was 49.4 years. (Turn away) Men who have intercourse with men, sex laborers, transients, ladies, youngsters and vagrants are increasingly defenseless against HIV/AIDS than different gatherings. In Zambia, it is unlawful for men to have intercourse with men so there is little information about the HIV pestilence of this populace. It is accounted for that somewhere else (Sub Saharan Africa) HIV preva... ... center of paper ... ...hild transmission would do this. This is an ease anticipation way to deal with HIV/AIDS pestilence. An investigation done in Kenya indicated that explicitly transmitted illness control and condom advancement was 8-12 U.S dollars in cost per case turned away. (Marseille, 20012) It was under $1 in U.S in cost per handicap balanced life year (DALY). Accomplishing something comparable in Zambia would be savvy as well. By advancing inspirational perspectives and conduct towards women’s wellbeing, one is guaranteeing long haul enhancements. Expanding mindfulness and defeating the shame of the ailment is the initial step to making a move. Helping the ladies in the network have a voice in rehearsing safe sex and turning into a supporter of the utilization of condoms and being learned in mother to youngster transmission can relieve the odds of HIV transmission in different fields (for example relationships, sex work, transient work).

How to Write a Movie Analysis Essay

How to Write a Movie Analysis Essay What is movie analysis essay and what is its goal? Movies can open a whole new world for their viewers, make them think about possible and impossible situations in life and come to different ideas. Movies can arouse different feelings and blow your mind (or not), but if you need to make a written assignment on a film, you may just not know how to get down to it and express your mind. If you need to know how to write a film analysis essay, this article is for you. A movie analysis essay is a kind of assignment your professor gives you. It should be formal, very structured and organized. You will have to write 3 or 4 pages of content plus cover and reference pages, so your total paper will be 5 to 6 pages. A movie analysis is different from a movie review. A movie review is more subjective, contains the author’s personal opinions, and a movie analysis looks at a movie more scientifically. Professors give their students the assignments to write a movie analysis essay to develop their minds, critical thinking and the perception of art. If you have watched only commercial blockbusters all of your life, this will be your chance to try out classical and arthouse movies. What is described in the movie analysis essay? In your essay, you should write about different aspects of the movie that you analyze: direction, cinematography, editing, sound, etc. There are different approaches as well: narrative, structural, iconic, and historic. You should include the history of the movie, as a lot of things depend on it. Structure of a movie analysis essay So, how to write an analysis essay on a movie? One very important thing is that your essay must have a structure. Introduction. An introduction should not be long. You need to write the background information: the movies director, main actors, main characters and other important stuff. The movie’s summary should be included as well. The introduction has to have a thesis statement and the reason why you decided to analyze it. Main body. Here you need to analyze and evaluate the film. The body of your essay has to have an organized form and include the discussion of technical and non-technical sides of the movie. Conclusion Here you need to include your opinion on the movie, whether it has changed after watching (or re-watching) it. Then you should rate the movie and tell the audience if you recommend it or not. Examples of steps of writing essay When you learn how to write an analysis essay on a film, you need to know what steps you should take. For example, you have chosen Hitchcock’s ‘Vertigo’ to analyze. First of all, you watch this movie and take notice of everything: plot, visuals, music, lighting, editing, etc. You write the outline of your essay: introduction, main body, conclusion and all the secondary things you want to cover. You research the information on it: Who is Alfred Hitchcock and what is he famous for? What type of movies did he direct? What are the features of his style in general and of the movie in particular? Why is Vertigo considered to be an important film? You write a draft using your outline and the information you’ve learned. If you look at some movie analysis essay example, it may give you some ideas you could use. You revise everything and review your work multiple times with the requirements in your mind. How to choose a movie for analysis? If your teacher asked to analyze a specific movie, you have no chance, just get down to business. But if you have the luxury to choose any film you like, what would you choose? Probably, your favorite one that you have already watched thousands of times, and as a result know everything about it. Just don’t choose Transformers or Twilight, that would be embarrassing. If you don’t know what to pick, we will advise you to google some list of the best movies of all times (not some cheesy flicks popular at the moment). If you are a newbie in the art cinema world, look through IMDb Top 250 list (the movies with the highest ratings), and you’ll surely find something for you: timeless classics like ‘Gone with the Wind’, ‘City Lights’ or ‘Casablanca’; awesome animation like Hayao Miyazaki’s ‘My Neighbor Totoro’ or ‘Spirited Away’, and Disney’s ‘The Lion King’ or ‘Beauty and the Beast’; more recent popular movies like ‘La La Land’ and ‘12 Years of Slavery’and many more. If you are a viewer who is pickier and who is interested in great film directors, the history of the cinema and everything indie, art house or just unusual, the IMDb list will be mostly too pop for you. Try out the Sight Sound magazine’s The 50 Greatest Films of All Time list. The movies there are chosen by more than 800 critics and other professionals from the cinema world. How to write an essay outline + example If you have to write a movie analysis essay for assignment, you need to have an outline. An outline is structured guidance that will help you in drafting and in actually writing your essay. When you look at your outline, you should see what you intend to write. Here is an example how it may look: Introduction Main information about the film. Who directed it and who are the main characters? The statement of your thesis and why you analyze it. Main body Summarize the movie’s plot briefly. Provide savvy (technical etc.) information about the movie. What is the main theme of the film? The theme’s significance. What are the visuals of the movie â€" camera work, editing, angles, costumes, lighting, etc. Conclusion What is your final opinion of the movie? What are your ratings for the movie? Do you recommend it? To whom? How to write a movie analysis essay step-by-step Here is the step-by-step guide how to write an analytical essay on a movie: The first and foremost step is actually to watch the movie you have chosen. One important part is that watching it just one time may be not enough, so watch it several times. Let’s say it would be the first time before the beginning of your essay, the second time when you are in the middle of your work and the last one just before writing a conclusion you have enough time, of course. Write an outline. Before writing your analysis essay, you should have in your mind (and on paper/computer screen) the structure you need to follow. It will help you to organize your work and write essays more professionally. Search the information you need â€" the history of the movie or genre, the style of the director, etc. Write a draft â€" every essay needs one. First of all, write everything that you have in your mind (but remember the structure and the requirements), you can polish and make it perfect later. Revise, revise and revise. Make sure all the requirements are met and that the final essay is structured, well written and makes sense. When you are completely sure that you like the final product, the movie analysis essay is finished. Tips for writing Here are the tips for writing a movie analysis essay: If you want to understand the movie well and see everything the movie director wanted you to see, watching your film just one time is just not enough. When you see the movie once, almost everything that you take notice is a plot. Maybe some visual characteristics as well, who knows. The more times you watch a movie, the more you’ll see and understand, especially if you watch an art movie. Every little detail may have a special meaning. When you watch a movie, don’t do other stuff. Concentrate on the screen and try to catch the meaning, what’s going on, what the director had in mind, what details do you see, etc. If you eat a pizza, clean your room or talk on the phone at that time, you won’t be able to do it. Study the style of the movie’s director, the history of the genre and the place your movie takes in it. Maybe it was an important movie that changed the genre completely or made an important contribution to the cinema world. Enjoy your movie, learn new things, but stick to the requirements! Make sure that your essay has everything that your professor wants to find there because finally, your grade will depend on it. The structure and the formatting are very important as well. You may take a look at some film analysis essay example to see how it can look. Obviously, don’t postpone writing your essay to the last day! You won’t be able to write a good movie analysis if you didn’t do enough research and didn’t revise well your work. Some useful examples When you have this kind of assignment, you may want to see an example of analysis essay on a film beforehand, to make sure that you’ve understood how to write it. Sometimes students take a sample movie analysis essay from the Internet and just give it to their professor without making any changes, or only small ones. The result is predictable. Here you will not find a complete example of movie analysis essay, so that you won’t have the temptation to copy and paste, however, you can look at some examples how the tips that you have already read in this article will help you in writing your assignment. An example of the importance of re-watching the movie. When X. watched Kim Ki-Duk’s film ‘Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter… and Spring’, he understood that it has Buddhist philosophy, different seasonal parts, awesome visuals, and music. When he watched it for the second time, he noticed that there is an idea of redemption. As for the third time, X. finally saw all the technical features and even found Zen. An example of the importance of researching. Y. had to watch ‘Battleship Potemkin,’ and she wasn’t sure she was happy about it. She never saw a silent film before and thought it would be boring. But after she googled the information about it, she knew that it is considered one of the best movies of all time and that it is a real masterpiece. So when Y. finally watched the movie, she could truly appreciate it. An example of the importance of sticking to the requirements. Z. chose his favorite movie ‘The Green Mile’ to analyze. He knew everything about it, so the work was easy. However, he didn’t structure the essay and completely forgot about a reference page. The result was that Z. got a grade lower than he thought and deserved. Taking into consideration the issues mentioned above, you can make the best example of analysis essay on a movie. Writing a film analysis essay is maybe the most fun assignment you can get. Everybody loves movies. But if you want to write a successful essay and get a good grade for it, you need to follow the rules of academic writing. And you can learn a lot on this path too. We hope that this article provided you some help and that you learned something on your way to good grades.

Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 773 Words

In the short story, The Lottery, written by Shirley Jackson, is about a small village or some type of society with a yearly tradition called, the lottery. From what the reader may read online, they may find out that during the time period Jackson wrote this, she was interested in magic and witchcraft. Not only that she was also rumored to have gotten rocks thrown at her by children who believed she was a witch. One may also say, that the story was absolutely unique and the ending completely shocking. Especially, with how it begins. The story just starts off as just another normal day you may imagine to take place in a small town. â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were†¦show more content†¦While this event takes place, chatter goes around the crowd discussing the different opinions on the lottery. Most were agreeing to its practice. By the time each member is instructed to open their slip of paper, if it is blank, they are safe and free to go. If not, then they would get stones thrown at them by the other citizens to their death. In this case, one of the characters, Tessie Hutchinson, gets the unlucky slip of paper. One may ignore the little details that could possibly be giving them hints of the ending. The reader may reread the story twice and notice this paragraph. â€Å"Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobby and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix†¦ eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys.† In this short story, there is many different types of meanings that could be portrayed. But the one that seems to match the plot the best is the statement that everyone has a secret bloodlust which is buried deep inside them. Some people may notice, that in this town, it never seemed to mention anything about crime or some type of violence. It could be because each citizen holds their anger in until the day of the lottery where they are allowed to let it all out. That is the generic meaning however, I mean it is pretty obvious. WhatShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson744 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† - For Analysis 1. There are multiple examples to suggest that â€Å"The Lottery† is a ritualistic ceremony. In several instances â€Å"The Lottery† is referred to as a ritual: â€Å"..so much of the ritual had been forgotten..† and â€Å"†¦because so much of the ritual had been forgotten†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . In addition, the ceremony happens annually on June 27th, a t0:00 a.m., suggesting a ceremonial quality. This happens with such regularity that the citizens â€Å"†¦only half listened to the directions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This ceremonyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Analysis732 Words   |  3 PagesFollowing other people may have a positive or negative effect, but when it reaches a certain point where you blindly follow others it may not have a positive outcome. â€Å"The Lottery† made by Shirley Jackson is about a small community of villagers that gather together every year to perform a tradition. All of the villagers gather together and draw small sl ips of paper from a black wooden box, whoever draws the first slip with the black dot on it, their family has to draw first. Now all of the membersRead More Analysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay693 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948. The story takes place in a village square of a town on June 27th. The author does not use much emotion in the writing to show how the barbaric act that is going on is look at as normal. This story is about a town that has a lottery once a year to choose who should be sacrificed, so that the town will have a plentiful year for growing crops. Jackson has many messages about human nature in this shortRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson910 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of the Short Story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Shirley Jackson explores the subject of tradition in her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. A short story is normally evaluated based on its ability to provide a satisfying and complete presentation of its characters and themes. Shirley describes a small village that engages in an annual tradition known as â€Å"the lottery†. Narrating the story from a third person point of view, Shirley uses symbolism, foreshadowing and suspense to illustrateRead MoreEssay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: an Analysis1522 Words   |  7 PagesKouyialis EN102: Composition II Professor Eklund The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: An Analysis The short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948 and takes place in a small town, on the 27th of June. In this story, the lottery occurs every year, around the summer solstice. All families gather together to draw slips of paper from a black box. When reading this story, it is unclear the full premise of the lottery until near the end. The heads of households are the firstRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1534 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a short story written in 1948. Due to World War II ending around this time, her story took some strong criticism. The people at that time wanted uplifting stories, and this story is the very opposite because of its underlying theme of tradition and conformity. â€Å"The Lottery† shows that no matter the tradition or belief, people will not stray from their daily routine because humans are creatures of habitRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1060 Words   |  5 Pagesthird point of view about other but our view are mostly to always limited, not knowing everything. In a story called â€Å"Charles† by Shirley Jackson, the author creates a limited first point of view of Laurels mother where the reader reads and understand only what Laurie’s mother understand and see. In the other story also written by Shirley Jackson called â€Å"The Lottery†, the story proceed at a limited third point of v iew where the reader understands more ideas. Although each storied have a differentRead MoreAnalysis of The Lottery by Shirley Jackson993 Words   |  4 PagesSpanish author, When we blindly adopt a religion, a political system, a literary dogma, we become automatons. We cease to grow. Shirley Jackson was born in 1919 in San Francisco, California to Leslie and Geraldine Jackson. She is most well known for her short story titled â€Å"The Lottery† which was first published in The New Yorker to overwhelming and mixed reviews. The lottery, as portrayed in the short story, is a religious, annual ceremony in the afternoon of June 27. This event is said to be olderRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Analysis802 Words   |  4 PagesIf everyone else was doing something, would you? Or maybe if someone needed to be stood up for, would you have their back? In The Lottery, people do follow other people blindly. And the consequences are devastating. But in First They Came, not hav ing someone’s back might get you in the same position†¦ The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story that takes place in a small village on a warm summer day. Little boy’s run around in boisterous play, collecting small stones into a pile. As the adults gatherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson784 Words   |  4 Pagesthose groups. Then they came out for him and there was no one left to speak out for him. In the story â€Å"the lottery† by Shirley Jackson it explained how they play the lottery but rather than winning its actually a loss if you win. In the story they have a black box and slips of paper and if you have a black dot on your paper you get stoned to death. In their town it’s a tradition to play the lottery. So they come to the town square they all get called up to get their slip of paper and when everyone gets

The Debate On The Minimum Legal Drinking Age - 2364 Words

The Debate on the Minimum Legal Drinking Age There has been a debate going on about the minimum legal drinking age, or â€Å"MLDA†. Some people believe it has no impact on our youth, and should thus be lowered to the standard age of adulthood, age 18. They refuse to acknowledge the true significance of this law, however, and continue to see it as a futile attempt to control the inevitable. Yet in reality, having an MLDA of 21 has many benefits, and stands for a healthier view of alcohol consumption, regardless of the way people perceive it. It is for this reason, that the minimum legal drinking age should not be lowered to age 18. Opponents of this ideal, claim various arguments in support of their opinion. For example, state Rep. Richard Marron states that, â€Å"It just doesn t sit right with me that people [at the age of 18] have the right to do everything else, including serve their country, but don t have the right to consume alcohol† (Chiappetta, Should Drinkingâ € ¦). Those who agree with this, argue that legal adults (individuals who are 18 and older) should have the right to determine their own choice regarding alcoholic consumption, versus having the government force a decision on them. What these individuals must realize is that having the MLDA set at age 18 is not a constitutional right. According to procon.org, â€Å"A US district court ruled on Dec. 22, 1978 that MLDA 21 is ‘reasonably related to a state objective of reducing highway crashes’†. This court also stated that,Show MoreRelatedMinimum Legal Drinking Agre1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal age of adulthood in the United States for most purposes is 18. At the age of 18, a person enters the realm of adulthood and is assigned the rights and responsibilities associated with this legal status. For example, an 18 year old can legally sign a contract and is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract. An 18 year old can marry without parental consen t, serve on a jury, and vote in state and federal elections. An 18 year old who is charged with a crime is not tried in theRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1692 Words   |  7 PagesNational Minimum Drinking Age Act. This act stated that all states must raise their minimum drinking age to 21. Individuals under the age of 21 would now be prohibited from purchasing or being in public possession of any alcoholic beverage. Though not every state was keen on this idea, they all jumped to raise the minimum drinking age due to the government threat that they would lose up to 10% of their federal highway funding if they ignored the request. However, since the National Minimum Drinking AgeRead More The Drinking Age Should NOT Be Lowered Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesto lowering the minimum legal drinking age. Choose Responsibility, a group founded by John McCardell, proposes that upon completion of a 40 hour course to educate young people about alcohol, 18, 19, and 20 year old peopl e should be licensed to drink. The Amethyst Initiative, part of Choose Responsibility, is a petition to Congress to rethink the minimum legal drinking age. Several college leaders have signed this petition in the belief that lowering the minimum legal drinking age will reduce bingeRead MoreKeeping The Minimum Drinking Age864 Words   |  4 Pages Keeping the Minimum Drinking Age In 1984, the United States’ federal government passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Under this act, the federal government gives highway funds to States that forbid people under the age of twenty-one years old from â€Å"purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages†(23 U.S.C.  § 158). The incentive created a sense of a standardized minimum drinking age when legally there cannot be a federal minimum drinking age. Even though this Act has been in effectRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age from 21 Would be Irresponsible Essay577 Words   |  3 PagesLowering the drinking age from 21 would be irresponsible. People argue that lowering the drinking age is not smart because most youths still have not yet reached a mature age to handle alcohol. Teens that include themselves in an unsafe environment are likely to endure in self-harm and encounter in binge drinking. The Alcohol Policy Information System says, â€Å"Annually, about 5,000 youth under the age of 21 die in incidents due to underage drinking† (â€Å"Drinking†). I believe the drinking age should notRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you look at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more important to give our citizens these full rights? Currently, in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. But as we all knowRead MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words   |  4 Pagesissue. My question is, â€Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking age†? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have some benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor store s. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if you’re 18 you’re portrayed as an adult, you’re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. In some cases this could be true, but lowering the drinking age would be way too risky for themselves and othersRead MoreThe Generations Of People Who Were Born After 1984 Have1284 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who were born after 1984 have only known the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) to be 21 years old. But, it was not so long ago when the minimum legal drinking age was 18. In 1984 Congress passed the MLDA Act as a result of the rise in drunk driving accidents involving teens and alcohol related deaths. This Act ultimately made the states raise their MLDA to 21 from 18 for fear of losing federal highway funds. There have been many debates about it and whether or not it should be lowered againRead MoreKeeping The Minimum Drinking Age880 Words   |  4 Pages Keeping the Minimum Drinking Age In 1984, the United States’ federal government passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Under this Act, the federal government gives highway funds to States that forbid people under the age of twenty-one years old from â€Å"purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages†(23 U.S.C.  § 158). The incentive created a sense of a standardized minimum drinking age despite the fact that legally there cannot be a federal minimum drinking age. Even though this ActRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanging the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurred

Emotion and Stress †Does Guilt and Sympathy Affect Helping Behavior Free Essays

Helping behavior is perceived as socially acceptable and highly appreciated. Therefore, people tend to praise others when they have helped the needy. We used to think that only those people with positive personality, such as sensitive and kind, perform helping behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotion and Stress – Does Guilt and Sympathy Affect Helping Behavior? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, whether one acts good or not also greatly depends on his or her emotional states. Through this psychology project, I found that people are more likely to perform a helping behavior when they feel guilty or sympathetic. Emotion is an indispensable part of humanity. It is a way for people to understand what they feel towards events and people around. Unlike lower-order animals, emotion helps people to act like a human. Serial killers are emotionless. People with emotionless may probably feel nothing when they are hurting or harming others which are highly unacceptable in society. Since people tend to engage more when they are happy but withdraw from daily activities when they are upset, we can see that our behaviors are always determined by our emotions. Yet, people tend to perform more helping behaviors when they feel guilty or sympathetic. How do these negative emotions push people to help their neighbors? Guilt is an emotion that occurs when people believe that they have violated a moral standard while sympathy is the feeling of being sorry for somebody showing that people understand and care about somebody’s problem. They are both negative rather than positive emotions. People do not feel good when they are guilty or sympathetic towards somebody. Is that true people involve more in altruistic behaviors when they are guilty or sympathetic? There is an experiment conducted by Jean Decety (2009) who is a neuroscientist studying the relationship between guilt, sympathy and helping. He is a professor of Psychology at the University of Chigago and is specialized in affective neuroscience. In the study, student subjects are required to observe their coworkers receiving shock. Some of them are made to think they are responsible for the coworker’s suffering (guilt condition), while others merely observe the suffering (observer condition. There is also a group working with coworkers receiving no shock. Later the three groups are given opportunities to help a third party who is not in the original experiment. The result shows that subjects in the guilt and observer condition are more likely than the control group to give their helping hand to the third party. The finding suggests that the feeling of guilt and sympathy and the willingness in engaging in an altruistic act is highly correlated. Subjects are more willing to help others when they feel sorry for a third person even they do not responsible for their unfortunate. At the same time, altruism may aroused merely by witnessing one’s suffering. There are three reasons for people who feel guilty and sympathetic to engage in helping behaviors. Altruism is a form of disguised self-interest and helps in mood management while restoring one’s self-image. People help others for their own benefits. It is always unpleasant to watch another organism suffer. When one empathizes because of their misfortune, strong negative emotion is arisen. People are actually seeking to alleviate the unpleasant feelings that their distress arouse in them. It is a kind of internal self-reward. This can reduce the negative feeling by saying they have at least done their part in helping the unfortunate. Therefore, altruism is the attempt to reduce the empathetic feeling that arises in people. Besides, people help others when they are guilty and sympathetic for mood management. Both guilt and sympathy are negative emotions which are unpleasant. Therefore, they can be reduced by performing a helpful act or any other positive means. In a study (Decety, 2009), subjects who had inflicted or witnessed an unfortunate situation received an unexpected monetary reward. The result shows that subjects who received rewards are less likely than those who do not receive any and remain in bad mood in engaging helping behaviors. This indicates that helping is just one of the positive means which can uplift one’s emotion. People are motivated to engage in altruistic act in order to alleviate the negative emotion associated with guilt and sympathy. Apart from that, when people feel guilty, they have probably done something wrong and regret for their actions. For instance, students have cheated in an examination. Their self-images are broken due to the negative behaviors performed. They understand that their behaviors are unacceptable and they do not want to be perceived as bad. In order to restore the self-image in others’ eye, people will perform more pro-social behaviors. This is to prove that they are still the good guy. It seems to be upsetting that if humanity performs a helping behavior just for reforming their own self-image rather than from a genuine feeling of guilt in helping others. Fortunately, it is not the case. Research suggests that unwitnessed transgression causes the same amount of donation as witnessed transgression. Therefore, it is acceptable to conclude that people perform altruistic act are at least partly caused by the feeling of guilt but not a need to repair their own self-image in others’ eye. Undoubtedly, there is a use for these findings. Since many charitable organizations know very well the psychology of human, many of the fund-raising activities we can see in daily lives make use of people’s empathy. It is common to see volunteers showing photos of the needy in the less-developed countries persuading pedestrians to donate money to them. Guilty may arises as people may recall they have wasted a lot of resources and sympathy may arises as living conditions in those less-developed countries are really poor. With the arousal of these negative emotions, people may therefore engage in altruism. It is true that one’s personality largely determines the likeliness in performing helping behaviors. Yet, our willingness in performing these behaviors also depends on the emotional states at that moment. The experiment done by professor, Jean Decety, proves that the feeling of guilt and sympathy can definitely facilitate altruistic behaviors. As a result, organizations may make use of this psychology as we know that even the meanest person may have the experience in helping others provided that they are at the right emotional state. 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Security Issues In Networking Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Security Issues In Networking. Answer: Introduction Security issues in networking relates to the requirements which are required for business or even the network supervisor which help in safeguarding of the network , the computer systems in addition to the resources that are reliable by the networks [11]. The network needs to be safeguarded from any specific not authorized entrance, malicious elements as well as tracking consistently. Networking safety is a significant issue to each business that has a computer which is linked to the coverage. The networking security that has been jeopardized signifies that the rival or even the hacker might gain an entry to the susceptible or maybe the crucial information which they might remove or even render off with the data that could lead to loss in data or perhaps the complete system devastation [2]. The networking security is much more taken as the specification protection from the outside invaders in the program. With the increase in the number of people getting linked to the networks, the security threats that causes the massive harm is increasing [11]. The networking security is the primary section of the network which must be managed given that the information is transferred between the computer systems which could be vulnerable to attack [12]. Over the past five years individuals who manages the network security have seen the massive increase of the attackers as well as the criminals creating of malicious attacks which are pumped into the networks globally. In this report, it will highlight the background and the related areas of networking security, it will also explain on this topic, the technical details and the advantages and the disadvantages of the networking security. Additionally, the report will show some improvements that have been done about the networking security over the years. Background and related areas The security issues in networking have led to the widespread of the identity theft as well as financial fraud. Spam, viruses as well as the spyware have caused problems to the clients along with the businesses. A breach in security could irreparably damage on the brand of the organization [3]. An example in the USA, the security concerns threaten to slow on the federal adoption of the electronic medical records. In the EU it is an equivalent issue whenever the consumers confidence which refers to the security and data protection is the barrier to a lot faster growth of the e-commerce across the member state borders .Today it has been observed that the information attacks has become a profitable business organization and it is more often been controlled by the organized crime syndicates [5]. The growth in the sosphicated cybercrime business models, which may include the appearance of the criminal businesses, tend to be more often developed on selling the tools and services for the sta rting of the networking attacks , as opposed to offering the information that has already been gained from the attacks . The security technology has continued to progress , that has changed from the passive , the point to point product dependent to active , which is the end to end methods to the security recognition , and quarantine [9]. Moreover, the internet service providers are contending on the safety in addition to the consumers ISPS provided security that is section of their services. The security concerns in the networking continues to be a significant topic of issue by the policy makers around the globe who are concentrating on the state of the data system. The policy makers intend to make certain that the users of the networks employs the ideal technology as well as the process practices in order to make the networks more secure [4]. Other related topic on the subject is on the networking issues in the internet of things that has highlighted on the networking issues In the IOT. There are many vulnerabilities, attacks and the mitigation with regards to the internet of things. Explanation of the topic This topic explores on the security issues or concern in networking. In any network it can encounter various threats which may lead to the compromise of the data for the clients or the business. The security issues in networking exists and organization can be prone to attack if they do not have appropriate mechanism in place to protect themselves against the vulnerabilities and the attacks[3]. Some of the security issues are virus and the worms, Trojan, SPAM, phishing and the packet sniffers. These are the methods which are used by the attackers to exploits on the network. The virus and the worms are the programs which has been loaded onto the system without the knowledge of the user and runs against the wishes of the owner [8]. The viruses could cause huge amount of damage to the networks. In case the virus are downloaded and then the computer systems in the networks might be impacted because they could make copies of on its own and spread across the networks. This is a problem to t he networking administrator since attackers are able to steal data from the business. On the Trojans these are programs which are malicious and when installed in the networks it can tamper with the allocation of the files and cause a massive damage to the system in a given network [7]. This is a security issue since individuals or the business may lose important information which they did not have a backup for and store. Another security concern that is highlighted is the spam. This is the flooding of the internet with many different replicates of the same message, to try to forcing the information on individuals that do not otherwise could not want to obtain it. Phishing is an email fraudulence method and is one of the biggest security issues when it comes to networking [10]. This method is the worst security threats since there are many individuals who uses the computers which are linked to the networks and they may be amateurs and who be vulnerable in giving their data that cause s situations such as theft of money and the identity theft. Technical details The process of security issues in networking begin with the authentication of the user who logs to the appropriate passwords as well as the users name which are the one factor authentication [11]. When the authentication becomes known the two factor authentication could be used. Networking aspect is all about constructing, design and the use of the network that may include the physical, the selection along with the use of the telecommunication protocol as well as the computer software for the use and managing on the network. Advantages and disadvantages The security in networking entails securing on the networks. The security involves prevention of any misuse or the authorized access to the networks or the resources. Some of the advantages and the disadvantages of the needs of security in networking is as follows; Advantages To protect the data: The security keeps a check on to the unauthorized access. The network usually contain numerous confidential data such as the personal client data [1]. Any person who breaks on the system might impede on sensitive information. The security in the network needs to be there to protect it. Prevents cyber-attack: most of the attacks in networking usually derives from the World Wide Web. You will discover attackers that are specialists in and then there are viral strain attacks. If negligent, they might perform lots of information obtainable in the network [4]. The networking security could prevent these attacks from harming the system. The levels of access: The security software offer numerous amounts of access to the various users. The authentication of the users is accompanied by authorization techniques in which could be looked at whether or not the user is certified to gain access to different resource [2]. Disadvantages Time consuming: The software that are used in networking could be difficult to work with. They may need authentication using two passwords in order to ensure double security that can be entered each time you edit on the document [1]. Requires skilled staff: when it comes to the management of network it is not an easy task. It entails a highly skilled technicians are able to handle on any security issues that may arise [5]. The networking administrator should be employed in order to ensure the smooth working of the network. These individuals should be adequately be trained in meeting on the requirement. Improvements about the topic which has been made over years There has been improvement which have been made over the years over the security issues in networking. There has been growth rate of the broadband in regards to the customers and the bandwidth against the growth of the cyber-crime [1]. The network operators have gained ground over the years. It has been seem that there has been strong network authentication as well as authorization which would capitalize on this trend. The value of networking would continue to grow, and individuals are using them in interesting ways. Over the years there has been security issues in networking such as zombie computers and botnets, passwords attacks as well as the maliciously coded websites [7]. These are security concern which have occurred over the years and which have caused the networking issues to arise. Conclusion The security issues is a very difficult topic. Each and every idea of what the security level is and the accepted risk. The key for building for carrying secure networking would be to define the security ways to the business enterprise. As soon as this has been undoubtedly defined, everything which happens the network could be examined with regards to the policy. References Dabbagh, Mehiar, Bechir Hamdaoui, Mohsen Guizani, and Ammar Rayes. "Software-defined networking security: pros and cons." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 6 (2015): 73-79. Fernandes, Diogo AB, Liliana FB Soares, Joo V. Gomes, Mrio M. Freire, and Pedro RM Incio. "Security issues in cloud environments: a survey." International Journal of Information Security 13, no. 2 (2014): 113-170. Hossain, Md Mahmud, Maziar Fotouhi, and Ragib Hasan. "Towards an analysis of security issues, challenges, and open problems in the internet of things." In Services (SERVICES), 2015 IEEE World Congress on, pp. 21-28. IEEE, 2015. Kumar, Abhishek, Subham Kumar Gupta, Animesh Kumar Rai, and Sapna Sinha. "Social networking sites and their security issues." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3, no. 4 (2013): 3. Pathan, Al-Sakib Khan, ed. Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press, 2016. Shu, Zhaogang, Jiafu Wan, Di Li, Jiaxiang Lin, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, and Muhammad Imran. "Security in software-defined networking: Threats and countermeasures." Mobile Networks and Applications 21, no. 5 (2016): 764-776. Stojmenovic, Ivan, and Sheng Wen. "The fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues." In Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on, pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2014. So, Kuyoro. "Cloud computing security issues and challenges." International Journal of Computer Networks 3, no. 5 (2011): 247-55. Xylomenos, George, Christopher N. Ververidis, Vasilios A. Siris, Nikos Fotiou, Christos Tsilopoulos, Xenofon Vasilakos, Konstantinos V. Katsaros, and George C. Polyzos. "A survey of information-centric networking research." IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 16, no. 2 (2014): 1024-1049. Yan, Zheng, Peng Zhang, and Athanasios V. Vasilakos. "A security and trust framework for virtualized networks and software?defined networking." Security and communication networks 9, no. 16 (2016): 3059-3069. Zhao, Nan, F. Richard Yu, Ming Li, Qiao Yan, and Victor CM Leung. "Physical layer security issues in interference-alignment-based wireless networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 54, no. 8 (2016): 162-168. Zissis, Dimitrios, and Dimitrios Lekkas. "Addressing cloud computing security issues." Future Generation computer systems 28, no. 3 (2012): 583-592.