Identify the main issues in the new multilateral agenda and explain Essay

Identify the main issues in the new multilateral agenda and explain how the interests of developed countries differ from those o - Essay Example Multilateral trade entails agreements among several nations on the quantity, price and tariffs of the trade (Keet, 2000). Multilateralism enables nations to solve complex global problems especially on issues that entail the use of force. Barfield (2001) is of the opinion that multilateral rules should promote greater transparency and consistency through minimising the distortions caused by the discriminatory practices of some nations. The agreements should also provide legal security in dispute resolution and increase equity in market access among the member nations. The agreements should also consider the interests of the developing countries such as the need of harmonized trading systems that eliminate a lot of bureaucracies (Kulovesi, 2011). The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was created in January 1995 can be termed as the biggest reform in multilateral trade since the end of the 2nd World War. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established in 1947 and arranged 8 w orld rounds. At the Tokyo round, 102 GATT participating countries resolved to cut custom duties by a third in the major industrial markets thus bring the custom duties to about 4.7 percent compared with a high of 40 percent at the inception of GATT in 1947 (Schott, 2000). However, the recessions of early 1980s forced many countries in North America and Europe to start bilateral agreements with competitors and enhance the subsidies in order to remain competitive. WTO was founded on the principles of non-discrimination of the foreign and local companies, transparency in trade negotiations, reciprocity in concessions and differential treatment since developing countries could require favourable treatment and positive discrimination (Blackhurst 1998). There are numerous reasons why WTO was created to replace GATT. GATT only covered trade on merchandised goods unlike WTO that includes trade in intellectual property and services (Barfield, 2001). GATT only entailed set rules and instructi ons that had no institutional foundation unlike, WTO which is a permanent institution with a fully recognised secretariat. The member countries wanted a new multilateral trade system with faster dispute resolution unlike old GATT system (Blackhurst 1998). The GATT agreements and provisions were subject to the discretion and willingness of the member countries in the implementation thus many countries declined in implementing certain provisions for own reasons, unlike the WTO guidelines that are compulsory and permanent. Agricultural products, textiles and services were exempt from GATT regulations and some member countries administered anti-dumping duties and voluntary export restrains that led to trade distortions (Keet, 2000). There are numerous challenges facing the WTO such as the labour standards. Labour organisations have asserted that WTO guidelines permit the exploitation of labour and ultimate destruction of the environment. According to Mitchell (2005), the WTO standards u ndermine the country regulations that are designed to conserve the environment and ensure the health and safety of its citizens. The major controversy is whether WTO is the right institution to enforce the global labour standards especially in developing countries whose economic production is labour-intensive. Although WTO indicated that it would work with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) since 1996, it seems to

Written Play Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Written Play Reports - Essay Example George Cuckor's direction is stunningly elaborate and his skilful handling ensures that none of the script's acerbic wit and irony is diminished under the fluff of the musical numbers. The execution of the musical is indeed praiseworthy and a truly befitting tribute to the George Bernard Shaw's classic 'Pygmalion'. Apart from the main protagonists, the actors playing Eliza Doolittle's father and Professor Higgins' mother, stand out for their acidic sharpness of dialogue and dialogue delivery. 2. Write a paragraph talking about the set design, the lighting, the costumes, the special effects, and the overall effect of the play. The film has sumptuous well lit sets of royal ballrooms where every pixel on screen appears buffed up and polished, with men and women draped in regal finery in sharp contrast to the threadbare and dirt encrusted faces of the poor folks at the shabby flower market. The set of Higgins' library stuffed full of hard bound books and recording instruments seemed quit e realistic for a professor of his stature. The background score backed by a full orchestra credibly supports and carries the play through its many moods. The costumes, scenery and production design-the handiwork of Cecil Beaton- was indeed successful in the challenge of intricately recreating London of a bygone era and ensuring that the characters and sets were not reduced to caricatures. It is known that an entire sound stage was converted into a hair, make-up and costume area for prepping for the famous Ascot sequence. 3. Write a paragraph describing the script of the play. Talk about which of the following aspects of the play are important to this script. You may not have to talk about all of these aspects in your paragraph, just the one's important to this play: subject matter, style, point-of-view, language, characterization, theme. While the story may be of a cockney girl's transformation into a lady on the back of a wager between an arrogant misogynistic phonetics professor and his friend- the genial interlocutor Col. Pickering, the subtexts run significantly deeper and are rife with satire and social commentary on how language and dialects create barriers and restrict social mobility; and a lowly flower girl's grit to break that barrier and to obtain a better station in life and be a respected lady as articulated by her in 'Isn't it loverly?' and an arrogant professor whose interest in the matter is entirely selfish. It is the style of presentation and articulation of these thoughts through intelligent verbal duelling and lyrical jousting like that of the pompous Prof. Higgins, the blatantly immoral Alfred DO little that entertains and enlightens the audience throughout. Despite perpetuating cultural stereotypes the musical remains non judgemental and largely fair and the watching the metamorphosis of Hepburn's Eliza Dolittle is quite enthralling. The film succeeds in showing the audience how accents and language reflects class and upbringing and how it can affect a person's life and lifestyle. 4. Who would you recommend see this play? This musical for all its attention to detail, its extravagant costumes and witty banter would appeal to the most discerning of audiences of all ages and watching the story unfold from a third person perspective is quite interesting, the story line itself being refreshing for a transatlantic audience. But even if these fail to impress, who can resist the charm and grace of Audrey Hepburn and the hope that the character of Eliza Dolittle holds out. Sound of Music 1) The movie in its appearance and content has more or less lived up to the source or origin, the autobiography of Maria Von Trapp (The Story of the Trapp Family

History and Features of Snooker

History and Features of Snooker Snooker: A game you will grow to love History of snooker   Ã‚   A great man named Neville Chamberlain came up with the idea of snooker in the late 19th century. He was playing a game of billiards when his opponent could not hit the shot he wanted to and Neville Chamberlain suddenly shouted out snooker. Chamberlain also made a comment about another player who missed a shot calling him a real snooker which referred to his lack of experience. From there, the exquisite, logical and composed game of snooker we have today was born. What is Snooker? Snooker is a game played by two or more players against each other. The aim is to defeat the other player by potting more balls to earn more points and subsequently win the game. Snooker involves using a white coloured ball which is known as a cue ball; this is used to strike other coloured balls with a cue stick. In snooker, there are red coloured balls which are worth 1 point and one coloured ball of each; yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black. The coloured balls are worth different points, the red ball is worth 1 point, yellow is worth 2, green is worth 3, brown is worth 4, blue is worth 5, pink is worth 6 and the black is the worth the highest by a staggering 7 points. Quite simple to understand, no? How the game is played Each player has one turn unless they pot a ball in; then they continue until they miss a shot. The game starts off by a person opening a frame. The player does this by breaking. A break can mean two things; the first meaning of break is to start off the game at the first moment. The second meaning is when you score a break; this is when you continually start potting balls and scoring maximum breaks. The break when you start off the game is achieved by striking a cue ball to hit a red ball. If the red ball goes in, the player earns one point and does not lose his turn. If the ball does not go in, the other player is allowed to come to the table to have a go at earning some points. If the white ball goes in a pocket it is considered as a foul and the other person is awarded four points. Terms in snooker Touching ball A touching ball can only happen when the cue ball is touching a red ball. In this situation, you can hit any other coloured ball or you can hit another red ball without moving the ball the white ball is touching. If the ball moves, a foul is called and the other player is awarded four points. Then, it is up to the player who is awarded the points to choose whether they would like the player to retake the exact same shot or whether they would like to continue themselves. Some players purposefully make the white ball touch the red so the opponent has difficulty in hitting another red. Suppose you wouldnt want to be in that situation, would you? A snooker The term a snooker is when the player cannot hit the ball they intend to hit because they cannot see it. This can happen when the white ball is behind the cushion or when the white ball is behind another ball. Again, if the player misses the ball they would like to hit, it is a foul and the other person is awarded four points or more depending on which ball he intends to strike. A snooker is considered as a really high standard shot, because it can decide whether a player wins or loses the game. Worry not, this is not as daunting as it sounds. Old legends of snooker Steve Davis, a renowned legend won 28 ranking titles, just about doubling the amount Joe Davis won. He was born in 1957 and turned professional in 1978. He had made a 147-maximum break in the Lada Classic 1982. In 1980, Steve Davis won the World Championship six times in a row and was ranked World Number one for seven seasons in a row; he was invincible. Another legend worth mentioning is Alex Higgins who was born in 1949 and turned professional in 1971. He had only won the World Championship twice but that was enough for the crowd to love and cheer him on. His nickname was The Hurricane because of the speed in which pot balls. Sadly, Alex Higgins, one of snookers all-time greatest died in July 2010 after a long battle against throat cancer. His fellow companions even raised  £20,000 just so he could have a surgery to stay alive but unfortunately his time had passed. He will always be remembered as snookers greatest champion. My Favourite legend in snooker A legend I hold close to my heart has to be Alex Higgins through and through. If anyone was to ask me, who is the best player in snookers history, I will always say Alex The Hurricane Higgins. He had a real love and tangible passion for the game and he wanted to be the best and excel in every aspect. I aspire to have the same dedication and qualities of commitment that were depicted in his games. Even through the stages of fighting throat cancer, he would hold a snooker cue and would watch other children and adults playing the game he loved. This elucidates the love he had for the game. The Hurricane leaves us with great memories of his brilliance and charisma on the table and was a living embodiment of success. .

Essay --

Childhood Obesity In The United States Childhood obesity is definitely a problem today because of the shocking levels that it has reached up to in the past couple of years. Genetics and the change of lifestyle and culture created children who are less healthy than people were in the last 20 years. Obesity is the result of these changes. There is a difference between being overweight and being obese. Being overweight means a person’s weight is high in comparison to other people who are the same height. This does not have anything to do with one’s level of body fat. For example, someone could be heavier because he or she has a lot of muscle mass. â€Å"† (Roth). Obesity is when a person has a very high amount of body fat in comparison to his or her lean body mass. Obesity in America increased by eleven percent between 1991 and 2003. A different study showed a comparison between 1988-1994 to 1999- 2000. The percent comparing these two periods of overweight kids increased an average of 4.1 percent for tho se between the age of two and nineteen. Recent research is doing a good job so far by the real reasons of obese children. Scientists are doing this by looking closely at nutrition and genetics. A high glycemic index comes from simple carbohydrates. For the body to digest these simple carbs it must produce lots of insulin, which lowers one’s blood sugar and makes them feel hungry. Carbs that are Complex have a lower glycemic index and do not need as much insulin to digest, making one’s blood sugar not as low. This means people do not feel as hungry as soon after eating these foods. One experiment showed children who ate foods with a low glycemic index for breakfast were not as hungry at lunch resulting in the child eating less food. Childr... ...tion classes because of problems with money. They use the money on other academic classes. Another factor that contributes to childhood obesity is that more parents are working late, which leads to fewer family meals. This results in ordering more food from restaurants, which is usually higher in fat content. Another environmental factor is that in major cities, there is less room for children to play. Some parents are able to send their children to after-school gyms and activities, but those cost money and require transportation. These are two things that not all parents have. This problem is conflict theory. In conclusion, children are getting fatter everyday. However, scientist and researchers are finding many ways to get rid of this problem. They have done a good job so far and eventually most people will be aware the importance of a healthy diet and exercise.

American Woman

American Woman The struggles America has dealt with have been expressed in the lyrics of popular songs, specifically issues pertaining to government, politics, the period of the Cold War and Vietnam War. Another American issue that has been expressed in popular music is the drug world and its complications, creating a strong and forceful depiction of America. The song titled â€Å"American Woman† has been expressed through many different medium of art. American Woman† has two versions; the first version was made by the Canadian rock band the â€Å"Guess Who†, the second version was made by the American singer and composer Lenny Kravitz. â€Å"American Woman† is a successful song that has caused many controversies over the years; for example, regarding the â€Å"Guess Who† version, it refers to attacks on U. S. politics and government, especially for the Cold War and Vietnam War, while Kravitz’s version expresses his personal take on drug use a nd his personal battle with drug addiction. â€Å"American Woman† is a product of the Vietnam War and its issues.When the vocalist of â€Å"The Guess Who† referred to American woman, he actually referred to The Unites States. Some lyrics of the song reflect the political and government issues of the U. S. For example, â€Å"Don’t come hangin’ around my door, I don’t wanna see your face no more, I got more important things to do, that spend my time growin’ old with you† (L. 18-21). This part of the song is basically saying that Canada has its own troubles that they have to deal with, and they don’t need to get into some wars over opinion with the U.S. The â€Å"Guess Who† version also refers to America’s imperialistic attitude at the time of the Vietnam War. For instance, â€Å"I don’t need your war machine; I don’t need your ghetto scenes† (L. 35-36). This phrase is referring to the nuclear we apons that the U. S. used in Vietnam and the after math of the explosives. During the time of the Cold War and the Vietnam War, America tried to get Canada to adopt nuclear missiles and join in the war. The â€Å"Guess Who† showed in the lyrics of â€Å"American Woman† the rejection of war activities.For example, â€Å"Colored lights can hypnotize, Sparkle someone else’s eyes, now woman, I said stay away, American woman, listen what I say† (L. 37-40). These lyrics basically refer to the explosions of the bombs that occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1955 to 1975 (Vu Tung). The phrase implies that Canada does not like wars, and it tells the U. S. government to bother someone else. At the time of the Vietnam War, Canada had economic growth, political independence and regime survival in a post-Cold War environment.In the Kravitz’s version of the song â€Å"American Woman† the original political themes of the song were replaced by his p ersonal takes on drug use and his personal battles with drug addiction. When Kravitz mentions American woman as a white girl, he actually refers to the use of cocaine. For instance, â€Å"Huh, American Woman, stay away from me, American woman, mama let me be† (L. 1-2). In this phrase, he is refusing to use drugs, especially, cocaine. Furthermore, he is also saying that drugs don’t let him be the person that he wants to be.In America, the number of drug users increases every year. Drugs are everywhere, especially at parties and night clubs. Kravitz used the lyrics of â€Å"American Woman† to transmit the message of avoiding drugs. For example, â€Å"Colored lights can hypnotized, Sparkle someone else’s eyes† (L. 13-14). This phrase also reflects how the use of drugs can captivate people by making them feel good; however, Kravitz refuses to take drugs, and he wants to stay away from them. In the song â€Å"American Woman† Kravitz shows his per sonal experience using drugs and the negative effects of the illegal substances.For instance, â€Å"Don’t come knocking ‘round my door, I don’t wanna see your shadow no more† (L. 11-12). In these lyrics the singers is referring to his personal experience using drugs. When he mentions shadows, he refers to how painful and hard is the addition of these illegal substances. Kravits throughout the song shows how he fought to quit drugs. In the following lyrics expressed â€Å"I gotta go, I gotta get away, Baby, I gotta go, I wanna fly away† (L. 29-30). Although the drug world at first glance seems amusing, from Kravitz’s experience, he prefers to get away from temptations.In conclusion, â€Å"American Woman† is an extraordinary song that has caused many controversies over the years; for example, regarding the Guess Who’s version, it refers to attacks on U. S politics and government, especially for the Cold War and Vietnam War, while Kravitz’s version referrers to the rejection of the drug world and his personal experience with cocaine. The challenges that America has had over the years, have been subjects for songs, paintings, poetry, films and art in general, especially those themes that are related with the U.S. government, politics, wars and illegal drugs. America will always be the subject of inspiration for artists around the globe because it is a country with a variety of cultures and population issues. Work Cited * The Guess Who. â€Å"American Woman†. Elyrics. net. 200-20013. Web. March 20, 2013. * Kravitz, Lenny. â€Å"American Woman†. Elyrics. net. 200-20013. Web. March 20, 2013. * Vu Tung, Nguyen. â€Å"Vietnam’s Membership of ASEAN: A Constructivist Interpretation†. Military and Government Collection. Vol. 29, Dec 2007. Web. March 20, 2013.

Looking for Richard Review

A freezing winter morning it was, the breeze beating against my chest makes me wonder†¦ Wait, how did I get here? I thought I was reading Pacino’s Looking for Richard Review? That’s exactly what you’re doing, and this pleasant surprise is about all the insight I can give you about the fantasy sto†¦ I mean ‘docudrama type thing’. Yes ‘Docudrama type thing’ as described personally by the narrator Al Pacino. The opening scene with the cold winter background, leave less grounds and the grey skies that was alluded to above, is a direct connection to the opening soliloquy exerted by Richard in Shakespeare’s Richard III, â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of York†¦ â€Å". In the same scene Pacino also juxtaposes modern buildings with classic castles, and Shakespearean literature (The Tempest), with the wintery background, successfully achieving to render a connection between Shakespeare and Looking for Richard. Witt? Yes, Pacino? Yes, Fail? Maybe so, Success? I don’t know. The same confusion is attained by the seemingly unorthodox construction of the scenes. The postmodern structure, in exclusion of the chronological storyline, is brilliant in its construction, linking scenes from the Richard III film by association to video footage outside the story. Intertextualising makes the story of Richard III much more accessible to its audiences who are now in cinema’s and not in theatres. This juxtaposition is brilliantly achieved in one scene, where Al Pacino’s flat cap is transformed to a crown as the scene translates from Al Pacino in America to Richard in England making a direct correlation with Richard III play. Intertextualising, is also used as to propagate a message, such as at the occurrence of King Edwards death, where scenes of Edwards death dramatised by orchestral music, the weeping of Elizabeth and her deeply dispirited face, is juxtaposed with a group of people chatting over tea. This blot of humor is a means of revealing a message to the audience. In this case that is: ‘no one really cares about Edwards death’, this story is about RICHARD! In contrast within the Globe theatre in Shakespeare England, this lamenting is expressed in lexicon. This is the case, due to the fact that rear occupants of the Globe Theatre, wouldn’t be able to hear nor make much meaning of vocal outburst (crying), but if expressed in words, they can. Although somewhat confusing, the engaging effect that the swift transfer from practice, to costume, to street, to passionate discussions between actors and experts, where by the way, we are invited, just ask the camera angles†¦ is a complement to Pacino’s directorial abilities, this of coarse being his first go. Pacino’s main concern in this docudrama really is the correct representation of Shakespearean drama that would satisfy the ‘re-incarnated’ Shakespeare god. This aspect of the docudrama is embedded right at the beginning, as Pacino opens the curtains to the stage, only to be faced by an audience of one (Shakespeare), but the voice of this one man outweighs the voice of any audience of men. Pacino seems to be stating that it’s more about loyalty to Shakespeare more than entertainment for the audience, although both play a significant role. You think that you are communicating but the other person hasn't understood a word you said† â€Å"You think that you are communicating but the other person hasn't understood a word you said† On the other hand, there is also the underlining purposes of making Shakespeare accessible to the masses and prove that Americans can in fact preform Shakespeare. With wit, Pacino fuses these two purposes on the streets of New York. The audience swung from a statement of a man who claims to have been reading Shakespeare for 6 months yet having attained nothing! Arrives at a woman who questions Pacino saying, ‘Are you going to make a film about Shakespeare in that American accent? ’ In this clever way, Pacino wittingly captures and frames, and gift-wraps the underlining agenda’s of the documentary, and then hands it to you. But blinking could mean the difference of receiving the gift or not. But then again, the rewind button can repeat the process these days†¦. what a shame. In Shakespeare England of coarse this wasn’t a possibility. Shakespeare engulfed in his ‘world of words’, asserted the literal device of dramatic irony enabled by the use of soliloquies to instill certain meanings. With modern technological capabilities Pacino is not enforced into a corner of limited opportunities. This is witnessed by audiences in the portrayal of ‘the wooing of Anne’. Pacino, unwilling to dull the modern audience with constant soliloquies has himself out of character acting as a psychopath, informing the audience of his actual motifs of attaining Anne, while at the same time wooing her. Barbara Everette very fittingly to this scene defined irony as ‘hypocrisy with style’. In this scene also, close ups are extensively applied to reveal intimacy which is complemented by the whispering the takes place. Demonstrating the differences in English today and that of the 16th century, an actor comments,’ Today ‘people say, â€Å"Hey you, go over there, get that thing, and bring it back to me†, but Shakespeare would say, â€Å"Be mercury, set feathers to thy heels, and fly like thought from them to me again. † But Pacino by visiting The Globe Theatre, and interviewing specialist in English literature expresses his desire to pinpoint the meaning and understand the play in order to apply it wholesomely, to the satisfaction of Shakespeare and the comprehension of modern audiences, which he values more than the literature. It has always been a dream of mine to communicate how I feel about Shakespeare to others. † ‘It has always been a dream of mine to communicate how I feel about Shakespeare to others. † Burdened with the agenda’s that he carries, Pacino is obliged to make constant connections with the context and play of Richard III. Not onl y is this achieved in the opening scene, but throughout the play as Pacino and co, are progressing down the alley’s of New York in the dictatorial fashion perse, Elizabethan harmonies are softly echoed through the scenery. As some will acknowledge, Richards deformity in Richard III, contextually inferred a meaning on inner evil and defilement, allowing the audience to attain the image that Shakespeare paints about the character. In the modern era, this idea seems absurd, and the change in context means that Richard has overwhelmed in black clothing, in order to infer the message that his deformity would have had 5 centuries ago. To reflect, the perspective of Richard III, within the play, Pacino has constructed the film to be in the perspective of Richard. Not only that but Pacino has managed to maintain the sense of admiration and awe the audience attains as Richards schemes succeed within the play. A particular scene conveys this message in great depth. As Richard in his deformed nature walks to the two princes and co. who are on horses, he casts a sympathetic feeling upon the audience. Yet although he is the lower one within the scene contrastingly, he is the one who is manipulating the situation, he’s the one has dominion and power. This dominion of Richard, is reflected also as Richard refers to Clarence as ‘simple and plain’, while in the play he is the complicated, and diverse traitor. Although a short period of time seems, the time associated with making this film, from the Pacino’s constantly changing appearance (short hair combined with a beard in one scene, no facial hair with long, flowing locks in the next), it is worthy to note that, this film took years to piece together. For those, who haven’t read Richard the Third, and are looking to read it, I would advise a thorough analysis of this docudrama be done, as that would foster the knowledge of the context, and text, story line and motifs, of Richard III. Many aspects of Richard III such as’ Richards character and the allure of evil, have been maintained, though it is vital to note that the Christian motivated themes, such as; the value of earthly wealth and the battle within (conscience) have been annihilated in this play. This, I assume, is a result of context of the modern era, and Pacino’s personal persuasions. Among the actors who take part of the play are Alec Baldwin as Clarence, Kevin Spacey as Buckingham, Aidan Quinn as Richmond and Winona Ryder as Lady Anne. Expert Shakespearean actors also are sprinkled all over Looking for Richard, to, with great enthusiasm discuss the proceedings of each scene, and to cast judgment upon the best means of loyal representation. Kenneth Branagh, Vanessa Redgrave, John Gielgud, Kevin Kline, and James Earl Jones fill these shoes. Pacino, when developing this film, made it for ‘the dummies and extremists’, for the ignorant and for Shakespeare’s modern day students. From talking heads (experts in English history and literature), to homeless fella’s, from peasants to kings, you’re all invited, come and enjoy, Shakespeare is for all. Really is the statement Pacino puts forth in this film, emulating history in relation to the inclusive dimensions of Shakespeare’s plays, within The Globe Theatre.

National minimum wage which covers the whole of south korea Essays

National minimum wage which covers the whole of south korea Essays National minimum wage which covers the whole of south korea Essay National minimum wage which covers the whole of south korea Essay Introduction The 3rd edition of Collins dictionary defines that the minimal pay is the lowest pay that an employer is allowed to pay an employee harmonizing to a jurisprudence or understanding. South Korea introduced the minimal pay in 1988 with the intent of stabilising low-paid workers life and bettering the quality of the labour force, thereby lending to the stable development of the national economic system. ( Minimum Wage Act, Article 1, 1986 ) Since so, South Korea has have one national lower limit pay which covers the whole of South Korea, even though there are assorted exclusions which are non applied, such as any concerns using merely households or relations who are populating together, those who are hired for family plants, mariners who are capable to the Seamen Act, trainees who are making on-the-job preparation during the first 3 months and workers with disablements who can be paid sub-minimum rewards pursuant to a certification issued by the Ministry of Labour. The minimal pay in South Korea in 1988 was 462 won ( KRW, a proxy 0.37 dollar at the current exchange rate: 1 $ =1,240 KRW ) , the minimal pay in 2009 is 4,000 won ( a placeholder 3.23 dollars at the current exchange rate ) . In instance of the US, the US federal lower limit pay in 2009 is 7.25 dollars and that of 1988 was 3.35 dollars. ( U.S Department of Labor, 2009 ) If we compare two states with 2008 lower limit pay which South Korea s lower limit pay was 3,770 KRW ( 3.41 dollars, at the 2008 mean exchange rate: 1 $ =1,105 KWR ) and the US federal lower limit pay is 5.85 dollars. Considered the gross national income per capita in 2008 which of South Korea is 21,530 USD and that of the US is 47,580 USD The World Bank, 2009 ) , the degree of the minimal pay in South Korea is non low, and moreover the mean increasing rate during the past 10 old ages in South Korea, which is over 10 % , is much higher than that of the US. But because of the recent economic depression, while the Minimum Wage Council ( MWC ) which is established in the Ministry of Labor to consider the lower limit pay and other related affairs, which is composed of three portion representatives workers representatives, employers representatives and the public representatives, deliberated the minimal pay in 2010, there was a large spread between workers representatives and employers representatives, even employers representatives who have offered a little addition during the last two decennaries made a suggestion that the minimal pay should be frozen or should be dropped. After the long deliberation, the minimal pay of the following twelvemonth fixed at 4,110 KRW which is the lowest addition degree during the past 10 old ages. Furthermore on 18th Nov. 2008, 31 members of the National Assembly from the governing party ( Hannara-party ) submitted the revised lower limit pay measure, in which included the debut of a regional lower limit pay and exclusion to the over 60 old ages old people. They claimed that the present minimal pay degree is rather high, becomes a load to little concerns, and finally causes the low-skilled workers unemployment. ( The National Assembly, 2008 ) The proposal of amending the lower limit pay act provoked the unfavorable judgment from the Labour Unions and some societal organisations. In this research, I will reexamine one facet of the revised measure, the regional lower limit pay debut into South Korea. The economic experts positions of the lower limit pay Harmonizing to conventional supply and demand curves, the monetary value of the merchandise is fixed at the equilibrium point, theoretically the labor market is the same. The monetary value of the labour market i.e. the pay settles at the equilibrium point ( Figure 1, at We ) where supply and demand meet together, hence there is no unemployment. But the minimal pay is settled at the certain degree which is largely higher than the equilibrium ( figure 1, at Wm ) with the certain societal and political intent, for illustration, the stabilisation of vulnerable workers supports and income redistribution. Economists say that the lower limit pay reduces employment in the sectors which it targets to cover and the lessening of employment outweighs the pay addition taking to lose low-skilled workers occupations. In figure 1, if the lower limit pay settees at Wm, so it causes the unemployment ( G-D ) and the sum of employed workers reduces from F which is the sum of the employed when the authorities does non step in in the labor market to D. This is the basic theory that most economic experts use when they mention the negative effects of lower limit pay George Stigler ( 1946, p358 ) points out in his article that the popular aim of minimal pay legislation-the riddance of poverty-was non problematic and a minimal pay could non vouch the low-wage members of wealthier families. He claims that the plan of increasing income must be supplemented by a plan of education-in diet, in lodging, in instruction. ( Stigler, 1946, p365 ) It is normally agreed in the field of economic sciences that the minimal pay is non an effectual device for extinguishing poorness. The brief history of the Minimum Wage The minimal pay was foremost introduced in New Zealand in 1894 in response to alleged perspiration shops workers work stoppages. ( Starr, 1981 ) Now most states in the universes including the US, France, Canada, Japan, China and the UK have the lower limit pay ordinance. Still there are a few states which do non hold the minimal pay ordinance such as Germany, Italy, Swiss, Sweden and Denmark. In instance of South Korea, the minimal pay act enacted in 1986 on the evidences of the Constitution. Since the enforcement in 1988, reflecting the economic and societal alteration, amendment has been made. But the appraisal about the minimal pay is different among people. Employers complain that the present minimal pay policy does non reflect the current concerns state of affairs and the alteration of the labor market ( MWC, 2008 ) . In contrast, labour brotherhoods argue that the current minimal pay is a really low degree and does non transport out the aim of minimal pay efficaciously. The arguments about its effects are still traveling on. Standards for puting minimal rewards Each state has its ain organisations and minimal pay make up ones minding process. Factors which affect the lower limit pay vary from states, in malice of the assortments ; we can by and large sort them into three chief factors, which are the demands of workers, ability to pay and the demands of development. ( Starr, 1981 ) Gerald Starr references that specifying meaningful standards is the chief key to guarantee the aims of minimal pay. ( Star, 1981 ) In South Korea, the minimal pay act article 4 provinces that a minimal pay shall be set after sing the workers life cost, labour productiveness and the ratio of income distribution and it can be set otherwise by the industry. There is a contention whether standards are meaningful or non, and how each standard can be measured exactly is besides a concern. Despite of the other statements about the minimal pay policies, I will non speak about them here. The debut of a regional lower limit pay into South Korea As I mentioned in the debut, the revised measure by Hannara-party is pending at National Assembly. This revised measure includes several problematic issues. The regional lower limit pay debut is one of them. Hannara-party claims that the lower limit pay has contributed to the low-paid workers supports ; meanwhile the recent fiscal crisis causes fiscal force per unit area to little companies, makes them go against the jurisprudence and accordingly is taking the occupation chance from the vulnerable on the job category. They say that there exists a spread to the life cost and between states. That is the chief ground to propose the alteration. ( NA, 2008 ) Under the present playing jurisprudence, there is no land that Ministry of Labour can put a different lower limit pay harmonizing to geographical countries. On the minimal pay act article 4, Ministry of Labour can put a minimal pay otherwise harmonizing to industries. But until now, Ministry of Labour has neer set the minimal pay otherwise by industries. Equally shortly as Hannara-party turned the measure in, Korean Confederation of Trade Unions ( KCTU ) made an proclamation that Hannara-party s suggestion is a menace to the basic function of minimal pay. The regional lower limit pay debut will do the society to widen the societal and economic spreads between the states and to intensify the emotional recreation. KCTU argues that the revised measure will do workers who work at the little companies where the lower limit pay is relatively low move to the higher countries i.e. Seoul or the other large metropoliss. In the long tally, the regional lower limit pay will non assist little companies in the local and rural countries but will destruct little companies. Furthermore, it will lay waste to the national economic system. Federation of Korean Trade Unions ( FKTU ) which is the other major associated brotherhood organisations besides expressed the same place about the revised measure with the KCTU. In contrast to KCTU s statements, the Korea Employers Federation expresses an understanding about a regional lower limit pay debut. KEF says the cost of life and the mean pay in each metropolis and each state is different. The monetary value in local states or rural countries is comparatively low, compared to Seoul and Kyeonggi province-so-called metropolitan metropoliss. But the present system-one national minimal wage- does non reflect this cost life difference, the pay spread and the structural difference in the labor market. Considered the intent of lower limit pay which is to protect the low-paid workers, puting a regional lower limit pay which workers can populate with instead than set uping one national lower limit pay is effectual to the national economic system. They claim that the jurisprudence should be revised and minimal pay can be set otherwise harmonizing to geographical countries. They argue that a regional lower limit pay is more appropriate to the nonsubjective pro tecting the low-paid workers. Through reflecting the monetary value difference and using otherwise to the countries, the regional lower limit pay will besides assist little companies from the labour deficit. But they say that the procedure to find the minimal pay should be reformed foremost, they express their concerns if the governments to find the minimal pay are given to each state and so the differences between employers and workers will decline. KCTU argues that KEF s thought is inarguable and the Hannara-party revised measure is a retrograde measure under the recent economic crisis, even it is against the Constitutional rules. Two major associated labour brotherhoods organisations say that they will continuously make street rally in major metropoliss throughout the county, and will demo their protestation against the revised measure, moreover do every attempts to protect the lower-class and to derive a Life Wage until the Hannara-party and the authorities will retreat the pending measure. Refering this facet, Uh soo-bong, a professor at Korea University of Technology and Education, said in the conference hosted by MWC in November 2008 that the regional lower limit pay debut could be considered if there is a important spread between minimal life costs harmonizing to parts. But he added that there is no nonsubjective grounds for that until now. Some states have the regional lower limit pay, for illustration, the US, Canada, Australia and Brazil. ( MWC, 2009 ) In instance of the US, the lower limit pay foremost was adopted by Massachusetts in 1912 to cover adult females and kids before the federal lower limit pay was adopted. Since so, several provinces besides adopted the minimal pay statute law. The Fair Labor Standards Act, passed in 1938, is the first federal lower limit pay ordinance. The President at that clip, Roosevelt, said that The jurisprudence was the most far-sighted plan for the benefit of workers of all time adopted. Wagess must guarantee a minimum criterion of life necessary for wellness, efficiency and general wellbeing, the act stipulated without well restricting employment. Ever since, even in the US, critics and protagonists have disputed over the minimal pay: some say it destroys occupations by doing it excessively expensive to maintain workers. Other economic experts note, nevertheless, that because a bulk of minimum-wage earners work in outsourcing-resistant service occupations, concerns will hold a difficult clip disregarding the workers massively. Research workers at the University of California at Berkeley found that after an 80-cent New Jersey lower limit pay addition in 1992, employment in the province s fast-food eating houses rose somewhat faster than in Pennsylvania, where the minimal pay did non alteration. ( Card and Kruger, 1995 ) Alternatively of killing occupations, lower limit pay protagonists argue, the pay floor additions productiveness and encouragements consumer buying power. Now many provinces in the US have minimum pay Torahs. Therefore an employee is capable to both the province and federal lower limit pay Torahs, the employee is entitled to the higher of the two lower limit rewards. Even though the federal authorities for about 10 old ages from 1997 to 2006 did non increase the minimal pay, each province has increased the province lower limit pay independently harmonizing to their ain determination. Despite of the unchanged federal lower limit pay, the provinces lower limit pay addition did positive function in betterment for workers. As you can see figure 2, the figure of the provinces which do non hold province minimal pay is 5 which lie largely in southern country, for illustration, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Mississippi. The figure of provinces which have the lower province minimal pay is 7 and that of provinces which have the higher minimal pay is 12. Canada has merely the provinces lower limit pay, Canada does non hold a national or federal minimal pay. In 1918, the province of British Colombia established the lower limit pay foremost, and so Ontario, in 1920. Each province in Canada has the authorization to make up ones mind the minimal pay independently. Canada has merely the provinces lower limit pay, Canada does non hold a national or federal minimal pay. In 1918, the province of British Colombia established the lower limit pay foremost, and so Ontario, in 1920. Each province in Canada has the authorization to make up ones mind the minimal pay independently. From the phase of the minimal pay debut, South Korea and the US were rather different. In instance of the US, Massachusetts foremost adopted the minimal pay, and a federal lower limit pay was foremost set in 1938. Even though the national minimal pay does non alter, the provinces set ain minimal rewards. The period 1997-2007 is the longest period during which the federal lower limit pay has non been changed. Many provinces have departed from the federal lower limit pay. Washington s lower limit pay is 8.55 dollars as of January 1, 2009. California and Massachusetts presently have minimal rewards of 8.00 dollars, meanwhile the federal authorities has minimum pay of 7.25 dollars. There are tonss of researches about the effects of lower limit pay, but there are non many articles about comparing to a regional lower limit pay and a national lower limit pay. David Card and Alan B, Kruger published Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum pay in 1995. This book contains the cross-state comparings. The survey of employment in the fast nutrient industry after the 1992 addition in the New Jersey lower limit pay shows that employment was non affected adversely. In comparing to New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania where the minimal pay remains unchanged, conducted before and after the addition in the New Jersey, they found that the employment in New Jersey really expanded with the addition lower limit pay. Second a cross-state analysis finds that the 1990 and 1991 additions in the federal lower limit pay did non affect adolescent employment adversely. They mentions most economic treatments of public policy are concerned with inquiries of efficiency: in ot her words, where a peculiar policy generates more benefits than costs. In their research, they claim the lower limit pay might raise the efficiency. In their positions, the minimal pay is chiefly a distributional issue. ( Card and Kruger, 1995 ) They come to a decision that minimal pay does non hold any negative effects to the employment. Their plants rekindled the differences among the economic experts. Kevin M. Murphy and Finis R. Welch, at a seminar in Washington in 1995 held by the American Enterprise Institute, claim that their research was prejudged and hence, biased. Murphy and Welch besides point out that systematic differences in province labour markets can evidently bias cross-state comparings of employment as steps of lower limit pay effects. ( Murphy and Welch, 1996 ) Card and Kruger s book has a different position from the normally agreed thought, but ignores the possible effects of an addition in the minimal pay on cost of populating. They study an facet of the cost side of a higher lower limit pay its consequence on houses profitableness, but they do non hold the satisfying results for the distribution side. Introducing a regional lower limit pay into South Korea is another narrative from the US. Each province of the US regulations independent politically and socially. It has own Torahs which have settled from the long history. As you can see the difference graduated table in two states, the system of two states is the more of import facet. Are there any demands to present a regional lower limit pay into South Korea? Is the difference of cost life between states large plenty to see a regional lower limit pay debut? While Hannara-party and employers claims that the cost life and the monetary value of trade goods in local countries are comparatively low, consumers monetary value index shows that there is no difference between states. Furthermore, harmonizing to the consequence of the regional pay and working hr study by the Ministry of Labor, Seoul, Ulsan, Taejeon and Kyeong-gi are the highest states in the monthly pay, Jeju and Jeonbuk is the lowest country. Jeju and Jeonbuk are considered as a low country of cost life, Seoul is considered as the most expensive metropolis to populate in. If a regional lower limit pay is introduced for little companies in local states, the minimal rewards of little states will be probably to lower than that of large metropoliss, which will do the spread of pay bigger. We can state that table 3 demonstrates the present pay reflects the cost life and the monetary value of trade goods. Decision The ultimate end of minimal pay is for the stabilisation of low-paid workers, non for the benefits of concerns. Even under one national lower limit pay, the spread of the mean pay between states is large. The mean pay in alleged local states which assume that the cost life is instead low is the lowest degree. The debut might decrease the fiscal load in the short tally, but in the long tally, economic polarisation will intensify. And South Korea has a different political system from the US. Each state is non separate in politically and socially. That is the other facet which makes the debut hard. Card and Kruger said minimal pay has no consequence to the employment through the empirical research of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but they did non see each province s cost life. As Stigler said in his paper, for little companies, the direct subsidy instead than minimal pay might be a better solution. ( Stigler, 1946 ) Mentions George J. Stigler The American Economic Association Vol 36, No 3 ( Jun.,1936 ) pp 358~365 David Card, Alan B, Krueger Myth and Measurement the new economic of the minimal pay, Princeton university imperativeness Princeton, New Jersey,1995 The effects of the Minimum pay on Employment,

More Devices More Problems Professor Ramos Blog

More Devices More Problems One day while we were visiting the local Carl’s Jr. my 5-year-old son and I were at the outdoor playground. He was having a blast going in and out of the bubble tubes and sliding down the slide, when about 10 minutes had past, he asked if he could use my phone because he was bored. I had told him to try using his imagination and pretend he was exploring a mystic cave or flying in an alien spacecraft. He responded back by telling me he did not know how to use his imagination. Have people ever thought that excessive screen time could be impairing their children? Could it be setting them up for a life of addiction to digital devices before they are even faced with peer pressure from their friends? Psychotherapist Amy Morin observes that â€Å"without adult, guidance most of our children will spend most of their waking hours behind a screen† (Morin 1). Introducing to children at an early age about time management with their screens, communication between parents, or guardia n to insure ground rules for limits on screen time are met and practiced, also setting up other activities for them to do while they are home will help their children avoid the negative effects of excessive screen time. There is much information about excessive screen time and the damaging effects to children’s health and well-being that it is hard to know what is correct and what is not. Before there where iPhones, Androids, tablets, and computers, there was the good old fashion boob tube, I remember being told by my parents â€Å"don’t sit to close or you will go blind† and â€Å" don’t watch too much TV or it will rot your brain.† There have been several screen time issues that have come up in today’s digital world such as addiction due to excessive screen use. What society needs to do is ask what is excessive, and how do people determine what is too much. Occupational therapist Krista Huerta says, â€Å"excessive is when it takes over the everyday activities that kids should be engaged in, like playing, talking with other kids, reading, coloring, spending time with family, playing on playground equipment† (Wegner 152). Excessive use of screens cou ld potentially lead to a multitude of health problems including but not limited to lack of social skills, â€Å"text neck† and addiction to screen devices. Trina Hinkley states in her research journal that, â€Å"social skills are intrinsic to children’s psychosocial well-being. Specifically, young children’s social skills are an important precursor in their development of school readiness.† (Hinkley 2). Orthopedic surgeon of 20 years Dr. Kamshad explains â€Å"while on handheld devices children stooped-shoulders, chin-forward posture known as â€Å"text neck,† can put up to 60 pounds of pressure on the spine, leading to chronic neck and lower back pain† (Kragen 1). Excessive screen time I believe is the leading problem to digital device addiction. Mariano Choliz list in his journal â€Å"Mobile Phone Addiction† that, â€Å"some of the most characteristics symptoms of dependence were the following: (a) excessive use: (b) problem with parents associated with excessive use: (c) interference with other school or personal activities: (d) gradual increase in mobile phone use to obtain the same level of satisfaction: e) emotional alterations when phone is impeded.† He also states that the uncontrolled, inappropriate or excessive use of screen devices can give rise to social, behavioral and affective problems† (Choliz 373). Coming up with a clear-cut solution might seem hopeless, but all is not lost. The America Academy of Pediatrics recommends ways to limiting screen time and creating a family media plan which is available on their web site (Children and Media Tips). Setting time limits is an excellent way to lower the amount of time your child will spend on their digital devices. Using a timer or an app that sets limits on screen time is a good choice. Martin Kutscher, MD writes in his book â€Å"Try to create a positive attitude towards the timer. It is not to be used for punishment; rather, to announce that it is time to move on to the next activity† (Kutscher and Rosin 41). Parents need to be a good role model for their children. Roberta Ashby, a pediatrician with Aurora Health Centers says â€Å"Parents who want to limit screen time need to remember that it’s important to model screen-free behavior themselves. As in most things with parenting, parents should lead by example† ( Wegner 152). Once these two key points are set, now it is time to introduce most importantly what I believe to be a solution worth trying. Dr. Amy Morin suggest â€Å"adding other activities into your child’s daily routine that involve the whole family such as reading books, coloring and playing board games, also encourage outdoor physical activities like going for short walks, playing tag, chores, and playing catch† (Morin 3). This will help enforce time away from screens and be beneficial for children physically and socially. Consider the benefits of limiting screen time through other activities that do not involve digital devices. Children have less chance of becoming addicted to their digital devices and are more likely to form good habits that will benefit them. Involving one’s shelf in their activities will form stronger bonds and that child will have a better relationship with their parents and their siblings. In Hatice Kara’s current study she finds that â€Å"screen free week resulted in families recognizing the importance of family-child interaction, that their children are happier when they spend time with them† (Kara 100). According to the negative hype surrounding digital devices â€Å"parents are panicked and wonder if they should pull the plug on their child’s devices† (Coghlan 27), but could completely limiting children from technology be damaging to their education? In â€Å"Digital Kids by Martin Kutscher, MD he agrees that â€Å"there are myriad of unbelievable benefits that we can derive from digital technology. It’s fun, provides limitless news, intellectual thought, art, entertainment, educational apps, and instant communication allowing people to work together around the globe† (Kutscher and Rosin 58). The use of digital devices has a vast amount of benefits that parents would not want their children to miss out on. Digital devices are the new learning tool and the more acquainted our children are with them the better off they will be. Inconclusion as stated in Hinkley’s journal â€Å"research has shown that parents are largely unconcerned about their children’s physical activity and screen time behaviors and report multiple reasons to maintain current behaviors† (Hinkley 9). For those parents who are concern and that are worried about their children’s digital device addiction, excessive scree time seems to be a hot topic amongst them. Parents are questioning about how much time should young children be aloud each day on their digital devices and what can be done as a parent to ensure that their child’s screen time does not have any damaging effects to their health? Limiting time that your child spends on their digital devices, ensure that parents are on the same page about being good role models, and most important implementing other activities that do not involve digital screens is a good start on the right path for happy, healthier children. Annotated Bibliography American Academy of Pediatrics. â€Å"Children and Media Tips from American Academy of Pediatrics† May 20, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019 Chang, Fong-Ching, et al. â€Å"Computer/Mobile Device Screen Time of Children and Their Eye Care Behavior: The Roles of Risk Perception and Parenting.† Cyber Psychology, Behavior Social Networking, vol. 21, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 179–186. This study compared the use of computer and mobile devices with eye care behavior of children and examined the roles of risk perception and parental practices. Studies have shown that excessive screen time has a negative impact on ocular health. Studies as such can be used to show that problems can arise with the over usage of screens in young children, which I will introduce in my proposal. This study was funded by a research grant from the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology. Dr. Fong-Ching Chang is from the Department of Health Promotion and Health Education which leave to believe that this a reliable source of information. Choliz, Mariano. â€Å"Mobile Phone Addiction: A Point of Issue.† Addiction, vol. 105, no. 2, Feb. 2010, pp. 373–374 Coghlan, Andy. â€Å"Can Too Much Screen Time Harm Children?† New Scientist, vol. 240, no. 3198, Oct. 2018, p. 27 Hinkley, Trina, et al. â€Å"Cross Sectional Associations of Screen Time and Outdoor Play with Social Skills in Preschool Children.† PLoS ONE, vol. 13, no. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 1–15. Kara, Hatice Gà ¶zde Ertà ¼rk. â€Å"A Case Study on Reducing Children’s Screen Time: The Project of Screen Free Week.† World Journal of Education, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 100–110. This was a case study aimed at reducing children’s screen time. The goal was to direct children to alternate activities within a week period by applying a week without digital screens. Alternative means to entertain children and ideas to evolve the development of family-child interaction is an essential part of my paper. Incorporating such ideas will help persuade the reader evaluate their decision on how to manage screen time. The was a peered reviewed journal article. Kamenetz, Anya. The Art of Screen Time: How Your Family Can Balance Digital Media and Real Life. Perseus Books Cambridge, MA, USA  ©2018. An evidence based, non-panic guide to the world of kids and their screens and what to do about it. The Author takes a refreshing practical look at the subject and has done hundreds of surveys of parents on their practices and ideas. Digital parenting and ways to go about it correctly is the meat and potatoes of my analysis. Negativities of my solutions will come from this parental guide such the do’s and the don’ts. Anya Kamenetz is an American author on several books about education and lead education blogger at NPR. Her alma mater was Yale college and she has several notable works including â€Å"The Test: Why Our Schools are Obsessed with Standardized Testing†. I believe that this author work is worth noting and a good source for my paper. Kragen, Pam. â€Å"Family Aims to End ‘Text Neck’ in Kids.† San Diego Union-Tribune, (CA), 20 Nov. 2015. Kutscher, Martin L., and Natalie Rosin. Digital Kids: How to Balance Screen Time, and Why It Matters. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2016. EBSCOhost. A parental guide for today’s families, that struggle with excessive digital media usage. This book contains handy information to help understand and prevent excessive internet use that negatively impacts family life, education, behavior and even physical health. Key ideas written will be integrated into my proposal to support my beliefs that screen time should be used in moderation, Martin L. Kutscher, MD take us into an age of digital families through his own experiences with keen analysis of neurological, psychological and educational research. Morin, Amy. â€Å"10 Strategies to Limit Your Teen’s Screen Time† January 06, 2019. verywellfamily.com/strategies-limit-your-teens-screen-time-2608915. Accessed June 19, 2019. Sharkins, Kimberly, et al. â€Å"Preschool Children’s Exposure to Media, Technology, and Screen Time: Perspectives of Caregivers from Three Early Childcare Settings.† Early Childhood Education Journal, vol. 44, no. 5, Sept. 2016, pp. 437–444. A look at young children being increasingly exposed to MeTS at home and in schools. This study viewed opinions of parents and teachers of preschool aged children from three diverse centers and examined Media technology and screen time usage across the varying centers and sociodemographic strata. Recommendations explored in this study will give me guidance in what to introduce as solutions in my paper by looking at the advantages and disadvantages of today’s technology. Kimberly Sharkins has a Ph. D. and is the Director of Early Learning at Montgomery Public School District. Her skills and expertise include professional development, early childhood education, and social emotional development. This study was posted as a scholarly journal convincing me that this a reliable source. Wegner, Amanda N. â€Å"Excessive: How Screen Time Can Impact a Child’s Development.† At the Lake, Summer 2018, p. 152.

How to Teach Topic Sentences Using Models

How to Teach Topic Sentences Using Models Topic sentences can be likened to miniature thesis statements for individual paragraphs. The topic sentence states the main idea or topic of the paragraph. The sentences that follow the topic sentence must relate and support the claim or position made in the topic sentence.   As with all writing, teachers should first model proper topic sentences to have students identify the topic and the claim in the sentence, regardless of the academic discipline. For example, these models of topic sentences inform the reader about a topic and the claim that will be supported in the paragraph: Topic Sentence: Pets are important to many people because they can improve the overall health of the pet owner.  Topic: PetsClaim: Improve the overall health of the pet owner.Topic Sentence: Coding requires a number of different skills.Topic: CodingClaim: Requires a number of different skills.Topic Sentence: There are many reasons why housing in Singapore is the best in the world.  Topic: â€Å"Housing in Singapore†Claim: Housing in Singapore is the best in the world.Topic Sentence: Drama class requires students to be collaborative and willing to take risks.Topic: Drama classClaim: Drama class requires students to be collaborative and willing to take risks.   Writing the Topic Sentence The topic sentence should not be too general or too specific. The topic sentence should still provide the reader with the basic answer to the question being posed. A good topic sentence should not include details. Placing the topic sentence at the beginning of a paragraph ensures that the reader knows precisely what information is going to be presented.   Topic sentences should also alert the reader as to how the paragraph or the essay has been organized so that the information can be better understood. These paragraph text structures can be identified as compare/contrast, cause/effect, sequence, or problem/solution. As with all writing, students should be given multiple opportunities to identify topics and claims in models. Students should practice writing topic sentences for many different topics in all disciplines using different test structures. Compare and Contrast Topic Sentences The topic sentence in a comparison paragraph would identify the  similarities or similarities and differences in the topic of the paragraph. A topic sentence in a contrast paragraph would identify only differences in topics. The topic sentences in compare/contrast essays may organize the information subject by subject (block method) or point by point. They may list comparisons in several paragraphs and then follow those with contrast points. The topic sentences of comparison paragraphs may use transition words or phrases such as Æ’ as well as, correspondingly, Æ’ compared to, just like, likewise, similarly, and the same as. Topic sentences of contrast paragraphs may use transition words or phrases such as:  although, conversely, even though, however, in contrast, on the other hand,  to the contrary, and unlike. Æ’ Some examples of compare and contrast topic sentences are: Animals in the same family share common characteristics. These characteristics include†¦A purchase of a small car has both advantages and disadvantages.   Cause and Effect Topic Sentences When a topic sentence introduces the effect of a topic, the body paragraphs will contain evidence of causes. Conversely, when a topic sentence introduces a cause, the body paragraph will contain evidence of effects. Transition words used in topic sentences for a cause and effect paragraph may include: AccordinglyBecauseAs a resultConsequentlyFor this reasonThereforeThus   Some examples of topic sentences for cause and effect paragraphs are: I am great at a grilling a steak, but I can never seem to make a good cake. This is because†¦The United States Civil War was started for a number of reasons. The causes of the Civil War include:The Great Depression was a period of great distress and economic problems for many Americans and individuals across the globe. The effects of the Great Depression include: Some essays require students to analyze the cause of an event or action. In analyzing this cause, students will need to discuss the effect or consequences of an event or action. A topic sentence using this text structure can focus the reader on the cause(s), the effect(s), or both. Students should remember not to confuse the verb affect with the noun effect. The use of effect means â€Å"to influence or change† while the use of effect means â€Å"the result.† Sequence Topic Sentences While all essays follow a specific order, a text structure of sequence explicitly alerts the reader to a 1st, 2nd or 3rd point. A sequence is one of the most common strategies in organizing an essay when the topic sentence identifies a need to order the supporting information.  Either the paragraphs must be read in order, much like a recipe, or the writer has prioritized the information using terms such as then, next or finally. In a sequence text structure, the body paragraph follows a progression of ideas that are supported by details or evidence. The transition words that could be used in topic sentences for sequence paragraphs may include: AfterwardBeforeEarlierInitiallyMeanwhileLaterPreviouslySubsequently Some examples of topic sentences for sequence paragraphs are: The first reason why a real Christmas tree is preferred by many to an artificial one is:Successful leaders of large companies often share similar traits. The most important trait  includes:Changing the oil in a car is easy only if you follow the  steps. Problem-Solution Topic Sentences The topic sentence in a paragraph that uses the problem/solution text structure identifies a problem for the reader. The remainder of the paragraph is dedicated to offering a solution. Students should be able to provide a reasonable solution or refute objections in each paragraph. Transition words that can be used in topic sentences using the problem-solution paragraph structure are: AnswerProposeSuggestIndicateSolveResolvePlan Some examples of topic sentences for problem-solution paragraphs are: Students can avoid getting sick when they go away to college by taking certain precautions. Proposed precautions include...Various health agencies suggest that many kinds of pollution can affect your health. The different kinds of pollution include†¦Texting while driving has increased the number of auto fatalities. One answer to this problem could be†¦ All of the example sentences above can be used with students to illustrate the different types of topic sentences. If the writing assignment requires a particular text structure, there are specific transition words that can help students organize their paragraphs.   Crafting Topic Sentences Crafting an effective topic sentence is a necessary skill, especially in meeting college and career readiness standards. The topic sentence requires that student plan what they are trying to prove in the paragraph before the draft. A strong topic sentence with its claim will focus the information or message for the reader. In contrast, a weak topic sentence will result in an unorganized paragraph, and the reader will be confused because the support or details will not be focused. Teachers should be ready to use models of proper topic sentences to help  students determine the best structure for delivering information to the reader. There must also be time for students to practice writing topic sentences. With practice, students will learn to appreciate the rule that a proper topic sentence almost lets the paragraph to write itself!

Teflon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Teflon - Essay Example Years after its discovery, it is commercially produced and sold in 1946 while the acquisition of DuPont of Kinetic Chemicals paved way for the usage of PTFE in consumer goods (DuPont 2008). The manufacture of Teflon is modified in order to suit the specific application where it will be utilized. Some of the processes remain proprietor secrets for manufacturers in order to safeguard their competitive advantage. Scientifically, there are two ways of making Teflon. One is through suspension polymerization while the other is through dispersion (Teflon 2008). The starting point for each of the two methods is the synthesis of tetrafluoroethelyne which is undertaken by combining its three components namely fluorspar, hydrofluoric acid, and chloroform in chemical reaction chambers. The main difference between the polymerization processes is by the amount and the strength of force used. In suspension polymerization, the next step will be the addition of water and a reaction agent inhibitor which will cause the TFE to polymerize. On the other hand, the dispersion process introduces TFE into the water-filled chamber together with the initiating chemical. The suspension process requires vigorous shaking while in the dispersion, the reaction is facilitated through gentle agitation only. Thus, tinier beads are formed in the second method making it suitable for metal and fabric coatings (Teflon 2008). The outlined manufacturing process creates a white solid substance with a density of 2.2 grams per square centimeter. Teflon is also known as the solid with the lowest coefficient of friction next to diamond carbon at 0.1 or less which gives it its most notable characteristic of being very slippery and non-stick. Teflon also has very high corrosion resistance making it non-reactive to substances like ozone, chlorine, ammonia, and others. Because of this, Teflon is also non-wetting and adhesion is less likely. Even at extreme temperatures, Teflon maintains its form because of the strong bond of the chemicals comprising it (Polytetrafluoroethylene 2008). Use of fluoropolymers The unique properties of PTFE makes it suitable for various applications in numerous fields namely cookware and medical devices. Manufacturers in these industries have long relied on the characteristics mentioned above in designing more efficient products which can be used by customers in their everyday lives. Aside from these fields, PTFE is also present in more devices and instruments which are indispensible to a typical consumer. Since Dupont holds the copyright for Teflon, cookwares with this brand of non-stick coating source their PTFE from the company. In their manufacturing plant, PTFE is applied directly in the metal surfaces pots and pans. In a normal process, two coatings are sufficient however, some manufacturers sometimes give up to three coatings to achieve the desired output (DuPont 2008). Teflon has become an essential in kitchens because of its ability to make cookware non-stick and easier to clean. The product also gains popularity because of the growing health consciousness globally. As Teflon is non-stick, it enables consumers to fry eggs or sausages without using oil or butter

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Organisations and Behaviour - Essay Example BT Plc is an integrated company with two main departments. In both the departments, separate procedures are conducted for the completion of the business processes. The organization has a huge scope of proving its excellence in the future as well. The values, policies, collection of traditions, attitudes and beliefs constitute the organizational culture of BT Plc. High values encourage the employees and increase their efficiency thereby increasing the performance of the organization (Yeo and Li, 2011). Ryan Air Ltd being one of the low cost airlines in Fingal, Ireland possesses a functional organizational structure. It is one of the most successful examples of the low cost business models. There are different levels of management. The values act as the core of the organization including reliability, quality, action, feedback and informal communication. The functional organization structure separates the series of activities in different segments. Ryan Air Plc changes the organizationa l structure by expanding the business operations for the allocation of responsibilities to all the employees in appropriate manner. The main success behind the successful organization structure is the coordination in different departments within the organization. The organization was launched with the aim to achieve the low cost leadership model. But at the same time, Ryan Air Ltd did not want that the name of the organization to get associated with anything cheap. The airline has built and maintained a work culture which is said to be an exciting place to work in. The cost cutting strategies are implemented in each and every aspect of the organization. The employees in the organization are awarded for their excellent performances and at the same time, reprimanded on... According to the study findings  the organizational structure helps in the systematic functioning of the business operations. It’s objective of implementing cost effective techniques help in improving the financial performance as well. The most important business activity of the company is delivering mobile services to the customers. In the period of rapid technological change, the company maintains market leadership in United Kingdom. The organizational structure has helped in strengthening its international presence as well. BT Plc is an integrated company with two main departments. In both the departments, separate procedures are conducted for the completion of the business processes. The organization has a huge scope of proving its excellence in the future as well. The values, policies, collection of traditions, attitudes and beliefs constitute the organizational culture of BT Plc. High values encourage the employees and increase their efficiency thereby increasing the p erformance of the organization.This paper highlights that the organizational culture and organizational structure is dependent on each other. In business world, the organizational structure determines the attitudes, behaviours, dispositions, ethics etc which creates work culture. For example- If the organizational structure of a company is hierarchical in nature then it would reflect the absence of freedom or autonomy in the lower levels.  The procedure by which a company allocates power determines employee behaviour.

Strategic Management for FMCG Market During Recession Dissertation

Strategic Management for FMCG Market During Recession - Dissertation Example During recessions depending on its severity, the only surviving product that is still moving is the FMCG's otherwise known as FMCG. These are the essential products that are used by the consumers in their everyday lives. An example of FMCGs is coffee, milk, and sugars. Infant foods or pharmaceutical products used in the maintenance of ailments such as anti-hyper tension and anti rejections are also considered FMCGs. Laundry and dish washing soaps, including body soaps and shampoos, are also considered as FMCGs. Every FMCG manufacturer’s or distributor’s goal is to capture a big chunk of the market as much as possible during a recession since the trust that will be gained from the brand will be carried over until the recession is over. The foot in the door approach as a strategy for FMCG is an effective way of capturing a large chunk of the market. The most efficacious way of staying on the radar of consumers is the FMCGs price. During a recession, the resource that is the most affected is the liquidity of the company and most especially the consumers. Thus maximizing the use of money is the most potent approach for consumers to survive the recession. Armed with this knowledge further investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining the efficacy of the strategy of value-pack packaging as the direction of capturing the FMCG market. However, the investigation leads to the realization that value pack packaging is also environmentally harmful since it costs a lot of packaging raw material to packaging FMCG in smaller packs or volumes. ... Thus maximizing the use of money is the most potent approach for consumers to survive the recession. This paper investigated the theory by conducting a survey to verify the behaviour of consumers during recessions. Further investigation through the use of surveys determined that due to the affordability of products that are packaged in smaller volumes consumer behaviour therefore gravitate towards this direction. Armed with this knowledge further investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining the efficacy of the strategy of value-pack packaging as the direction of capturing the FMCG market. However, the investigation lead to the realization that value pack packaging is also environmentally harmful since it costs a lot of packaging raw material to package FMCG in smaller packs or volumes. Not only that but the intended reduction in price may not be realized since the cost will be eaten by the packaging materials and the increased cost of warehousing the added volume of sma ller packs packaging. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the many people who have supported me and provided me with moral and actual assistance during the time when I needed it most. The many stress filled sleepless nights has been made bearable with the help of the following people. My family who has given me the strength and moral support to continue to be resilient and strong while making this paper, my MBA Course Moderator, Ms. Helen Goworek for the guidance and support, Dr. Paul Yap (Executive Director, FMCG Company) for writing approach and Guidance. The many unknown faces of grocers, store owners and FMCG industry packaging supervisors who was patient in answering incessant questions about the FMCG industry. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Executive Summary 3

Criminal justice careers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminal justice careers - Research Paper Example Besides, this link outlines various stages both in terms of education and experience that one must go through to attain the position of being a judge. These stages to land on such a career include; attending an undergraduate school, earning a degree in law, becoming a lawyer, obtaining judgeship, and completing a state-administered training on judgeship. The above article from the database of federal judges outlines the basic procedure that one must fulfill in order to become a federal judge. According to this article, federal judges are nominated by the president of the United States of America and subsequently confirmed by the Senate. Multiple steps to this process include; nomination of a candidate to the judicial seat by the president, a questionnaire is filled by the candidate and reviewed by the judiciary committee of the Senate, a hearing is constituted to interview the candidate, the committee votes either to return or approve the candidate (Cecil 2006). American Judicature Society; which composes of nonpartisan group of judges, citizens, and lawyers with the main mission of working towards better judicial selection, effectiveness, and ethics within the criminal justice. This association publishes articles on an annual basis on ethics within the judicial system. American Civil Liberties Union; which is an interest group comprising majorly of members of the civil society and other interested legal experts with the main mission of utilizing all possible means to preserve the rights of human beings, particularly before the criminal justice system. Publications of this association are periodic reports on unfairness cases within the judicial system. American Society of Criminology; which has the main mission of scholarly study of crime incidences. This association is primarily composed of college professors. It provides publications on crime

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 111

Assignment Example c) Inflation changes dramatically in the price level. When inflation rises to 4%, buyers will increase the present consumption expenditure and demand price levels raises and money loses its real purchasing power. a) Physical capital refers to the objects used by firms to produce its goods and services. They include machinery, buildings, and equipment. Financial capital refers to resources that are used to purchase those physical objects. The resources come from savings. b) Net investment refers to the amount of actual addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given time, while gross investment refers to the total amount of addition made to capital stock that represent the economy within a given period. c) Types of markets for financial capital include money market, capital market and third and fourth markets, which include foreign exchange, commodity and derivatives market. Their availability and development will depend on the policy a country sets to safeguard the money matters. d) There is a wide swing in prices of goods and services when the interest rates are low. Variation in asset prices changes with interest rates. The business executive knows how to best design ways into meeting the available demands and constant supply of products and services. The increase and decrease in prices of goods depend on profit margins. e) Firms have a number of factors to consider when making an investment decision. They consider the scale of investment, expected returns and the long and short-term effects on investment. The consumer preferences that demand more from the manufacturers usually create an awareness campaign to enhance profitability. f) The determinants of demand for loanable funds are an investment. It changes with interest rates. Those who require putting their money and time into investment in many occasions use loan facilities from banks. g) Household make saving decision by reducing spending and increasing

Seminar Paper of BOOTS (now Alliance Boots) Case Study

Seminar Paper of BOOTS (now Alliance Boots) - Case Study Example The concept of merger immediately took notice because of the inevitable benefits provided by the strategy. Most mergers have expanded their operations and surpassed the achievements that the observers have predicted. Primarily, Alliance Boots is wholesaler and retailer of pharmaceutical goods. The company controls a wide chain of pharmacy spread all across Europe. At present, the company maintains 17% of its total target market (BBC News, 2005). Moreover, Alliance Boots is the largest pharmaceutical wholesaler in UK covering 40% of the market. Its wholesaling and retailing activities are undertaken by subsidiary UniChem. With its vast operations, the company employs approximately 100,000 workers in more that 3,000 retail stores in which 2,700 have pharmacies. In addition, the firm has established 380 retail depots to boost its operations. This has made Alliance Boots one of the largest retailers in terms of retail space (Alliance Boots, 2006). Boots Group Prior to the merger, Boots is bannered by Boots the Chemist, which was regarded as a dominant retail pharmacy operating in UK. Most of the company's outlets are situated in high streets and in highly urbanised areas. From a traditional pharmacist, the company has expanded its business portfolio and ventured to photo processing, opticians, and selling of home appliances. The increasing pressure caused by competition has limited the chances of Boots to improve its performance. It was evident that the company illustrated signs of stagnation and such weak showing eventually created the drawing board that led to the inevitable merger with Alliance UniChem. Alliance UniChem In terms of operational scope, UniChem was bigger and its more established reputation has enabled the firm to occupy markets in Europe. Its major aim is to deliver healthcare service and improve the health situation in most of the locations. The business primarily thrives on retailing and wholesaling pharmaceutical products. UniChem has been relying on its core strategies built on the aspects of expansion, innovation and performance enhancement. Aside from these concepts, the company valued the satisfaction of the customers and other stakeholders. The Merger Because of Boots' financial conditions, it was speculated by financial analysts that the merger with Alliance UniChem is already at work. It was surprisingly announced in October 2005 that the merger was officially created. Part of the announcement was the financial considerations made by both parties. Both companies were valued at 7 billion British Pounds and a split of 50.2 and 49.8 were divided among Boots and Alliance respectively. Basically, the merger was undertaken with the expected intervention of the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). It was reported that 96 stores were sold to comply with the requirements of OFT. In truth, the merger was pictured as a takeover by Boots, which acquire the whole share capital of Alliance UniChem. This was manifested through the issuance 1,332 Boots Group PLC shares for each Alliance UniChem shares held. After this process, the merging firms adopted the name of Alliance Boots PLC. This was done, accordingly, to reduce the time and paper works needed because of the merger. Most important, both firms remained intact only under the supervision of the parent company (OFT, 2001). Objectives Essentially, the purpose of the merger is to combine a supplier in Alliance UniChem and a customer in Boots. The strategy was

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 111

Assignment Example c) Inflation changes dramatically in the price level. When inflation rises to 4%, buyers will increase the present consumption expenditure and demand price levels raises and money loses its real purchasing power. a) Physical capital refers to the objects used by firms to produce its goods and services. They include machinery, buildings, and equipment. Financial capital refers to resources that are used to purchase those physical objects. The resources come from savings. b) Net investment refers to the amount of actual addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given time, while gross investment refers to the total amount of addition made to capital stock that represent the economy within a given period. c) Types of markets for financial capital include money market, capital market and third and fourth markets, which include foreign exchange, commodity and derivatives market. Their availability and development will depend on the policy a country sets to safeguard the money matters. d) There is a wide swing in prices of goods and services when the interest rates are low. Variation in asset prices changes with interest rates. The business executive knows how to best design ways into meeting the available demands and constant supply of products and services. The increase and decrease in prices of goods depend on profit margins. e) Firms have a number of factors to consider when making an investment decision. They consider the scale of investment, expected returns and the long and short-term effects on investment. The consumer preferences that demand more from the manufacturers usually create an awareness campaign to enhance profitability. f) The determinants of demand for loanable funds are an investment. It changes with interest rates. Those who require putting their money and time into investment in many occasions use loan facilities from banks. g) Household make saving decision by reducing spending and increasing

Just Desert Essay Example for Free

Just Desert Essay â€Å"Just Deserts† is simply defined as the morally reassuring allocation of happy and unhappy, virtuous and the vicious characters respectively and are usually at the end of a narrative or dramatic work. (Liberman, Peter 2006). Just desert is an idiom coined by Thomas Rhymer in 1968 from the word just and desert. Just is being honorable and fair in one’s dealings and actions whereas desert is what one deserves rightly. However there are many arguments from those who are in favor and those who are against â€Å"Just Deserts†. Those in favor argue that people who work hard deserve the fruits of their labor while whose who break the rules deserve to be treated in the same way that they voluntarily choose to treat others that is if you behave well, you are entitled to good treatment from others. The central idea they put forward is that the offender gains unfair advantages through his/her behavior and punishment will set that imbalance right/straight. Citizens should enjoy the benefits of the rule of law and anyone who seeks those benefits without willing to make the necessary sacrifice of self restraint wants to be a free rider by helping himself to unfair advantages and the society/state needs to prevent this to preserve the rule of law. This is because in the event of wrong doing one who merits certain benefits loses them while one who doesn’t deserve them gains them and therefore punishment removes the underserved benefits by imposing a penalty that in some sense pays for the harm inflicted by the offense. Just desert aims to restore both victim and offender to their appropriate positions relative to each other justifying the punishment is a warranted response to past events of injustice or wrong doing and acts to reinforce ruler that have been broken and balance the scales of justice. They believe that since conflict often involves violence and many involve genocide, racial discrimination, rape, murder and torture. The perpetrators should be brought to justice and this is only accomplished through international courts or tribunals that carry out war crimes adjudication. Consequently they feel that retributive justice gives those who violate human rights law or commit crimes against humanity their â€Å"just deserts† and that punishment will reinforce the rules of international law add that it denies those who have violated those rules any unfair advantages. However, there are those who are against â€Å"just deserts† completely since they are convinced that there is a tendency to slip from retributive justice to an emphasis on revenge which is a matter of retaliation they feel that revenge will only focus on personal hurt involved and will typically rotate around anger, hatred, bitterness and resentment. Such emotions are very destructive since they lead to overreaction and therefore the resulting punishments can be excessive and might cause antagonism. In addition, punishments which usually dictated by revenge will automatically not satisfy the principles of proportionality or consistency (Rachels, James. , (1997). This is because vengeance leads to punishment and vary according to the degree of anger provoked. This will ultimately mean that wrongs that do not provoke anger will receive no response while those acts that provoke a great deal of anger will on the other hand provoke and overly intense response. These responses which are dictated by emotions usually may lead to reciprocal acts of violence. This are normally thought to occur mostly in regions where there were past injustices done to the locals who re otherwise living together in harmony and if punishments which are dictated by vengeance are given resentments of past injustices may motivate people who otherwise live peacefully engage in torture and slaughter of neighbors identified are members of groups who committed past atrocities. This will provoke devastating inter group violence in the form of mass killing which further leads to more harm and downward spiral of violence. Overly harsh punishments brings/evokes feelings of hatred, increases the level of harm done, additionally, in an atmosphere of heightened violence, the room for forgiveness and apologies is closed or very little. In this event many of those who oppose â€Å"just deserts† believe that the victims should not seek revenge since this will in turn make them new victimizers but instead they should forgive the offenders and in the end cycle of the offence is discontinued. Furthermore, they feel that forgiveness does not and will not take the place of justice or punishments, nor does it rule out giving the wrong doer his/her â€Å"just deserts†. In summary, both arguments for and against â€Å"just deserts† suggest that punishments should fit the errors that is like cases be treated alike and that the wrong doer wholly deserves blame and punishment proportionate to the harm inflicted. However, thou against feel that formal institutions with trained judiciaries are best equipped to carry out just retribution and that such institution can effectively bring the offenders to justice by giving them punishment they deserve. They continue to say that truth and reconciliation commissions play an integral role especially trials for war crimes can convert the desire for revenge into state managed punishment that is proportional and fair. However, they warn that incases of large scale violence such trials are ineffective but propose restorative justice through reparations and compensation. References: Gragg, Wesley (1992). The practice of punishment towards a theory of restorative justice (New York, Routledge, 15. Liberman, Peter 2006. An eye for an eye public support for war against evil doers. International organization Rachels, James (1997) â€Å"punishment and Desert† in ethics in practice, ed Hugh Lafollette Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers,

Analysis of the Use of Clinical Audits in Healthcare

Analysis of the Use of Clinical Audits in Healthcare Introduction The quality of health care system is important to patients and the Government. High level of quality patient care is the ultimate aim in current health care practices. Service providers wish to deliver quality health care. Patients are the appropriate authority to determine whether the experience of health care is good. Effectiveness of care pertains to treatment and support and helps us to judge whether staffs are, doing the right thing in a right way to achieve best clinical outcomes (Patel, 2010).Audit of services is therefore very important to ensure that the clinical practices are adhered to set professional standards and criteria. On the other hand health services are focusing on new information and knowledge for advanced clinical practice. Research is focused on this area in order to develop new practices and standards in health care system. Researches make changes to health care system by advancement of knowledge and practice. The aim of this paper is to identify the difference between audit and research and analyzing the benefits and limitations of audit. An overview of clinical audit. Audit derived from a Latin word, which means an official inspection of an organizations official accounts, by an independent body (Esposito Canton, 2014). Clinical audit is measuring the quality of patient care provided against a set well defines standards (Yorston Wormald, 2010). It gives staff a systemic way of looking into their practice and making improvements (Bennadi et al, 2014). Pioneer of clinical audit is Florence Nightingale whose work was searching reasons for high mortality in hospitals in 1850s. As per her assessment she reinforced cleanliness resulted in a drastic reduction in mortality rate. (Bennadi et al, 2010). Clinical audit Vs research Clinical audit and clinical research are entirely two different domains (Yorston Wormald, 2010). Clinical audit and research involves some common components. Hence, there is a great deal of controversy (Bennadi et al, 2014) in both terms. Audit compares the current clinical practice against well-defined standard/criteria, while research aims to define the characteristics of good practice on an unknown land (Esposito Canton, 2014). Audit focused on evaluating the existing practice; rather than discovering new information. Research is proven to be a larger scale study that aims at establishing new practices or procedures to carry out a particular task in a different method. The focus of research is further development of existing practice. However, audit is monitoring a task to determine whether a particular task has undertaken as per set standards or criteria. Audits check the quality of the task or procedure (Bennadi et al, 2014). Audit is generally undertaken on a local basis; how ever it is not limited to. (Hughes, 2005). Research aims to obtain new knowledge and to fill in any knowledge gaps. Research focuses on defining questions, making inclusion and exclusion criterias for people or problems to address and any developing clinical interventions or outcomes. Research methods for data collection and analysis that is applied are suitable to the topics for research (Strauss and Sackett, 1998, Hughes, 2005). Audit focuses on evaluating and analyzing the existing ones, not developing new practices (Difference between audit and research, 2014). But, research is aimed at developing new procedures to carry out in a more effective ways of carrying out. The focus on research is invention of new and further development of the old. The aim of an audit is to determine whether the standards and procedures are being followed and whether a task is completed properly. The aim of research is to add onto a body of research and to increase the amount of knowledge and learning available on a specific subject matter (Difference between audit and research, 2014). Also, unlike audits that measure tasks and procedures against a set out standard, research aims to test the hypothesis that is established by the researcher when beginning their experiments (Twycross Shorten 2014). Research considered as a broader field in the field of health. Research requires lot of education and training. Researchers undergo research education and training as a part of their university programme of study to gain the foundation to conduct a research (Hughes, 2005). In contrast, audit emphasized on areas, which needs improvement. Audit can undertake by anyone who is interested in a particular field and few receive education and training (Nettleton and Ireland, 2000). As per Hughess review, researchers involved in audit may benefit from approaches and techniques used to implement findings that could potentially serve to fill the research-practice gap. Equally, those involved in audit will benefit from sampling techniques in research that can help to improve generalisability. Some similarities are identified between audit and research despite their differences. Audit and research starts with a question, require data to answer questions, and systematic approach (Twycross Shorten 2014), also both needs an investigator (Abbasi Heath, 2005). Difference between clinical audit and research is showed in the below table, which was adapted from Bennadi et al, 2014 and Twycross Shorten 2014. Clinical audit Research 1 Audit uses comparison of current clinical practice Research uses experimental methods such as randomised control trials. 2 Uses simple descriptive statistics to describe current practice standards. Uses a range of statistics to make inferences. 3 Audit relates to a particular area of attention. Research can be generalized to other populations. 4 Audit measures how well current practices are carried out against clinical policies and procedures. Research provided evidences for clinical policies and procedures. 5 It is practice based. Research is theory based practice. 6 Ongoing process of quality assurance. One- off study. 7 No involvement of placebo treatment. May involve placebo treatment. 8 No changes involved in treatments of patients. Changes in treatment process. 9 Ethical approval is not required. Requires ethical approval. Benefits of clinical audit Audit conducted against set standards (Patel, 2010, Hughes, 2005) in a cyclic (Tsaloglidou, 2009, Hughes, 2005) process to ensure tasks carried out correctly. At the end of audit cycle auditors are able to address the areas of improvement and give feedback to the personnel who are involved in that particular task. Reaudit should carry out after an agreed period of implementing changes (Bennadi et al, 2014). Regular auditing alerts the health care professional the shortfall (Patel, 2010) in health care delivery system. Also helps us to find out whether staffs are practicing as per standards set by the organization to achieve therapeutic (Patel, 2010) patient care, identifies the factors causing failure to make improvements (Yorston Wormald, 2010). Therefore, organization can take actions to improve the area. Every time an audit cycle is completed there should be further improvement in patient care (Yorston and Wormald, 2010). Audit and feedback often used in health care setting to improve health care professional performance. Discrepancies in health care practices against set standards are highlighted in clinical audit that helps to identify the practices needed to improve for quality care (Esposito Canton, 2014). Tsaloglidou explains that the key for quality assurance and consistent delivery of high quality health services is the appropriate organization of the health center environment. The benefits of audit are apparent for health care professionals as it reduces frustration, reduces organizational and clinical error, improves communications between professionals and secures effective medical defense through risk avoidance (Tsaloglidou, 2009). An audit is not only a tool for monitoring change in clinical practice, but also an educational tool (Tsaloglidou, 2009). As the improvement of health care is a cost-effective procedure, audit is revealed to be a very useful tool in management Limitations of clinical audit Educational and training issue has a huge impact on carrying out an effective audit. Audit should not consider as a light work. It does require knowledge, experience and skills to perform effectively because auditing required to choose appropriate question, analytical method and to be undertaken in a sensitive (Hughes, 2010) way. In general, audit tends to be an activity that be undertaken by anyone without proper training and analytical skills with an aim to improve clinical practice. Nevertheless, it is very important for the staff member who will take on to implement the audit cycle to have proper training, supervision and protected time (Mercel et al, 2006). Bowie et al identified that lack of protected time to conduct a clinical audit is a major disadvantage for health care professional. They have to do it within their own allocated clinical time. Therefore, it can potentially affect direct patient care when allocating clinical time for auditing. It is not possible to justify leaving wards understaffed and underfunded to undertake audit unless instant results are attained (Esposito Canton, 2014, Ellis et al, 2000, Hughes 2005). Subsequently it causes additional workload on key staff members when undertaking an audit (Collis, 2006, Johnston et al, 2000). Lack of support from management to make audit related improvements and changes with the view of providing quality patient care. Inadequate organizational monitoring of auditing activities and progress is a barrier to make changes in patient care. It can lead to frustration and distress on auditors (Bowie et al, 2012, Hughes, 2005). Indirect situational factors influence the success of auditing such as lack of time and resources, lack of supervision, lack of support from management, conflict within multidisciplinary team, negative attitudes associated with audit process ((Travaglia Debono, 2009, Hughes, 2005). A systematic review of Cochrane study of 140 studies tested the effectiveness of clinical audit outcome against other methods of study such as meetings and distribution of printed materials. Results were variable. Audit outcome ranges from negative outcome to very positive effect. When the audit was effective, results range from small to moderate. Moreover, the study concluded that effectiveness of audit is likely greater, when baseline adherence to recommended practice is low. Therefore, there is no clear scientific evidence to support the real effectiveness of clinical audit (Esposito Canton, 2014, Ivers et al, 2014). Conclusion In general, clinical audit considered as an effective and cost effective method for continuous quality improvement even though there are numerous limitations. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention to clinicians having trouble in auditing and to determine what recommendations are made to make the audit more effective. In order to overcome the difficulties of audit, auditors need to be clear about the areas of clinical practice audited. In addition, it is very important to know the difference between audit and research to avoid inappropriate data collection while conducting an audit. Clearly, audit and research serve two distinctive purposes. References Abbasi, K., Heath, A. (2005). Ethics review of research and audit, BMJ, 330(7489), 431-432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7489.431 Bennadi, D., Konekeri, V., Kshetrimayum, N., Sibyl, S., Reddy, V. (2014). Clinical audit a literature review, Journal of international dental and medical research, 7 (2), 49-55.Retrieved from http://www.ektodermaldisplazi.com/journal.htm. Difference between audit and research (2014), Audit vs research, retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-audit-and-vs-research/ Esposito, P., Canton, A.D. (2014). Clinical audit, a valuable tool to improve quality of care: General methodology and applications in nephrology, World journal of nephrology, 3(4), 249-255. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.249. Hughes, R. (2005). Is audit research? The relationships between clinical audit and social research, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 18(4), 289-299. doi: 10.1108/09526860510602550. Mercel, S.W., Sevar, K., Sadutshan, T.D. (2006). Using clinical audit to improve the quality of obstetric care at the Tibetan Delek Hospital in North India: a logitudinal study. Quality health care, 3(4), 1-4. doi:: 10.1186/1742-4755-3-4 Nettleton, J. Ireland, A. (2000). Junior doctors views on clinical audit. Has anything changed?, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,13(6), 245-53. Retrieved from careers.bmj.com/careers/advice/Quality improvement. Patel, S. ( 2010).Iidentifying best practice principles of audit in health care, Nursing standard, 24 (32), 40-48. Retrieved from journals.rcni.com/doi/pdfplus/10.7748/ns2011.01.25.19.51.c8271. Travaglia, J., Debono,D. ( 2009) Clinical audit: a comprehensive review of the literature, Centre for Clinical Governance Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia . Retrieved from http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/literature_review_clinical_audit.pdf Tsaloglidou, A. (2009). Does audit improve the quality of care, International journal of caring sciences, 2(2), 65- 72. Retrieved from http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org Twycross, A., Shorten, A. (2014). Service evaluation, audit and research: what is the difference?, Evid Based Nursing , 17(3), 65-67. doi:10.1136/eb-2014-101871 Yorston, D., Wormald, R. (2010). Clinical auditing to improve patient outcomes, Community eye health journal, 23(74), 48-49. Retrieved from www.cehjournal.org/article/clinical-auditing-to-improve-patient-outcomes.